PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian			Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian			Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Ionian			Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian						MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene					MN 15	3.6
								MN 14	4.2
							Hemphillian	MN 14	4.7
								MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12	7.246
								MN 11	7.75
								MN 10	8.7
							Clarendonian	MN 10	9.4
								MN 9	9.7
								MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						11.63
							Barstovian		12.5
								MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene					MN 4	15.98
							Hemingfordian	MN 4	16.3
							Hemingfordian	MN 3	16.9
							Arikareean	MN 3	18.5
								MN 2	20
		Aquitanian						MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan				27.82
							Whitneyan		29.5
							Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
							Wasatchian		50.5
							Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Puercan		63.8
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