PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian		Tarantian	Sheridanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	Tarantian						0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	Ionian	Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan		Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian									MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Yushean							MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								MN 15	3.6
											MN 14	4.2
					Hemphillian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				MN 14	4.7
				Baodean							MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian	MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
											MN 10	8.7
					Clarendonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				MN 10	9.4
											MN 9	9.7
				Tunggurian							MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							Sarmatian		11.63
					Barstovian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian		12.5
										Badenian	MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian		Shanwangian							MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								MN 4	15.98
					Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 4	16.3
				Xiejiaan	Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 3	16.9
					Arikareean		late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			MN 3	18.5
											MN 2	20
		Aquitanian									MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian									MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
								Monroecreekian				23.1 *
								Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					Geringian				27.82
					Whitneyan							29.5
					Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
					Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
					Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
												66