PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13391 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Yushean	Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan			3.6
					Montehermosan			3.7 *
				Baodean	Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
					Chasicoan			7.9 *
					Mayoan			9.9 *
					Laventan			10.9 *
				Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian		Shanwangian	Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian			Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		Friasian			15.98
					Santacrucian			16.2 *
				Xiejiaan	Santacrucian			16.9
					Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Tinguirirican		Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Riochican		Cenozoic 1	56
					Itaboraian			56.9 *
					Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian					Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian					Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
								538.8