PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13283 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			0.129
				Irvingtonian			0.21
					Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Blancan			1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan		3.6
					Montehermosan		3.7 *
				Hemphillian	Montehermosan		4.7
					Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
					Chasicoan		7.9 *
				Clarendonian	Chasicoan		9.4
					Mayoan		9.9 *
					Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				11.63
				Barstovian			12.5
					Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian			Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		Friasian		15.98
					Santacrucian		16.2 *
				Hemingfordian	Santacrucian		16.3
				Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian					20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene				27.82
					Tinguirirican		28.9 *
				Whitneyan			29.5
				Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian			33.9
				Chadronian	Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian					41.2
					Mustersan		41.9 *
				Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				47.8
					Casamayoran		47.9 *
				Wasatchian			50.5
				Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	Riochican		56
				Tiffanian	Riochican		56.2
					Itaboraian		56.9 *
					Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene				61.6
					Tiupampan		62.4 *
				Puercan	Tiupampan		63.8
							66