Cenozoic Subepochs
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
- J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 13283 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Cenozoic Subepochs | South American Land Mammal Ages | Obsolete Names for ICS Units | European Faunal Zones | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Lujanian | 0.0117 | |||||
| Chibanian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | ||||||||
| Ensenadan | 0.3 * | |||||||||
| Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | ||||||||
| Sanandresian | Uquian † | 1.7 * | ||||||||
| Gelasian | MN 17 | 1.8 | ||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Late Pliocene | Vorohuean | Tertiary † | MN 16 | 2.58 | |||
| Chapadmalalan | 2.9 * | |||||||||
| MN 15 | 3.2 | |||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||
| Montehermosan | 3.7 * | |||||||||
| MN 14 | 4.2 | |||||||||
| Huayquerian | MN 13 | 4.9 * | ||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | |||||||
| Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | ||||||||
| MN 11 | 7.75 | |||||||||
| Chasicoan | 7.9 * | |||||||||
| MN 10 | 8.7 | |||||||||
| MN 9 | 9.7 | |||||||||
| Mayoan | 9.9 * | |||||||||
| Laventan | 10.9 * | |||||||||
| MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | |||||||||
| Serravallian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||
| MN 6 | 12.8 * | |||||||||
| Colloncuran | 13.7 * | |||||||||
| Langhian | MN 5 | 13.82 | ||||||||
| Friasian | 15.4 * | |||||||||
| Burdigalian | Early Miocene | MN 4 | 15.98 | |||||||
| Santacrucian | 16.2 * | |||||||||
| MN 3 | 16.9 | |||||||||
| Colhuehuapian | 17.4 * | |||||||||
| MN 2 | 20 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| Deseadan | 20.9 * | |||||||||
| MN 1 | 22.4 | |||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | ||||||
| Rupelian | Early Oligocene | 27.82 | ||||||||
| Tinguirirican | 28.9 * | |||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Late Eocene | 33.9 | |||||||
| Divisaderan | 35.9 * | |||||||||
| Bartonian | Middle Eocene | 37.71 | ||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||
| Mustersan | 41.9 * | |||||||||
| Ypresian | Early Eocene | 47.8 | ||||||||
| Casamayoran | 47.9 * | |||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | Late Paleocene | Riochican | 56 | ||||||
| Itaboraian | 56.9 * | |||||||||
| Peligran | 58.9 * | |||||||||
| Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | ||||||||
| Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | ||||||||
| Tiupampan | 62.4 * | |||||||||
| Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | 66 | |||||||
| Campanian | 72.1 | |||||||||
| Santonian | 83.6 | |||||||||
| Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||
| Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||
| Cenomanian | 93.9 | |||||||||
| Early Cretaceous | Albian | 100.5 | ||||||||
| Aptian | 113 | |||||||||
| Barremian | 121.4 | |||||||||
| Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||
| Valanginian | 132.6 | |||||||||
| Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||
| Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | |||||||
| Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | |||||||||
| Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||
| Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||
| Bathonian | 165.3 | |||||||||
| Bajocian | 168.2 | |||||||||
| Aalenian | 170.9 | |||||||||
| Early Jurassic | Toarcian | 174.7 | ||||||||
| Pliensbachian | 184.2 | |||||||||
| Sinemurian | 192.9 | |||||||||
| Hettangian | 199.5 | |||||||||
| Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | |||||||
| Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||
| Carnian | 227 | |||||||||
| Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | ||||||||
| Anisian | 242 | |||||||||
| Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | ||||||||
| Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||
| Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | 251.902 | |||||||
| Wuchiapingian | Longtanian † | 254.14 | ||||||||
| Guadalupian | Capitanian | 259.51 | ||||||||
| Wordian | 264.28 | |||||||||
| Roadian | 266.9 | |||||||||
| Cisuralian | Kungurian | 273.01 | ||||||||
| Artinskian | 283.5 | |||||||||
| Sakmarian | 290.1 | |||||||||
| Asselian | 293.52 | |||||||||
| Carboniferous | Pennsylvanian | Gzhelian | 298.9 | |||||||
| Kasimovian | 303.7 | |||||||||
| Moscovian | 307 | |||||||||
| Bashkirian | 315.2 | |||||||||
| Mississippian | Serpukhovian | 323.2 | ||||||||
| Visean | 330.9 | |||||||||
| Tournaisian | 346.7 | |||||||||
| Devonian | Late Devonian | Famennian | 358.9 | |||||||
| Frasnian | 372.2 | |||||||||
| Middle Devonian | Givetian | 382.7 | ||||||||
| Eifelian | 387.7 | |||||||||
| Early Devonian | Emsian | 393.3 | ||||||||
| Pragian | 407.6 | |||||||||
| Lochkovian | 410.8 | |||||||||
| Silurian | Pridoli | 419.2 | ||||||||
| Ludlow | Ludfordian | 423 | ||||||||
| Gorstian | 425.6 | |||||||||
| Wenlock | Homerian | 427.4 | ||||||||
| Sheinwoodian | 430.5 | |||||||||
| Llandovery | Telychian | 433.4 | ||||||||
| Aeronian | 438.5 | |||||||||
| Rhuddanian | 440.8 | |||||||||
| Ordovician | Late Ordovician | Hirnantian | 443.8 | |||||||
| Katian | 445.2 | |||||||||
| Sandbian | 453 | |||||||||
| Middle Ordovician | Darriwilian | 458.4 | ||||||||
| Dapingian | 467.3 | |||||||||
| Early Ordovician | Floian | 470 | ||||||||
| Tremadocian | 477.7 | |||||||||
| Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | 485.4 | |||||||
| Jiangshanian | 489.5 | |||||||||
| Paibian | 494 | |||||||||
| Miaolingian | Guzhangian | Series 3 † | 497 | |||||||
| Drumian | 500.5 | |||||||||
| Wuliuan | Stage 5 † | 504.5 | ||||||||
| 509 | ||||||||||