PBDB Timescale

Cenozoic Subepochs

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 13 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 13344 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Zones	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian				Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian	Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Ionian	Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Ionian	Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian			Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan			Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †						MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							MN 15				3.6
										MN 14				4.2
								Hemphillian		MN 14	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
										MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian	MN 12				7.246
										MN 11				7.75
										MN 10				8.7
								Clarendonian		MN 10	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
										MN 9				9.7
										MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Sarmatian					11.63
								Barstovian	Sarmatian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
									Badenian	MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene							MN 4				15.98
								Hemingfordian		MN 4	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
								Hemingfordian		MN 3	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.9
								Arikareean		MN 3	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
										MN 2				20
		Aquitanian								MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
												Monroecreekian		23.1 *
												Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									Geringian		27.82
								Whitneyan						29.5
								Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					Chadronian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene					Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene					Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					Bridgerian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
								Wasatchian			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
								Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene					Clarkforkian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene					Tiffanian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene					Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene					Puercan					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
														509