PBDB Timescale

North American Mammal Subages/Zones

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

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Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 1028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian	7.246
							Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Vallesian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian					Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian				23.1 *
				Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene		47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene		63.8
								66