Cliffs of Insanity (Cretaceous of the United States)

Also known as COI

Where: Emery County, Utah (38.2° N, 109.6° W: paleocoordinates 39.1° N, 72.0° W)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

• small collection-level geographic resolution

When: Mussentuchit Member (Cedar Mountain Formation), Early/Lower Cenomanian (99.6 - 93.5 Ma)

• A radiometric age of 98.37 ± 0.07 Ma was obtained by the OMNH from volcanic ash within the Mussentuchit Member (Cifelli and others, 1997, 1999). Additional ages by Garrison and others (2007) ranging from 96.7 ± 0.5 to 98.2 ±0.6 Ma indicate that the Mussentuchit Member was deposited over an interval of 1.5 Ma during the early Cenomanian and supports a correlation with the siliceous marine Mowry Shale to the north, which is well-constrained from 40Ar/39Ar sanidine ages obtained from bentonite beds that bracket the Mowry in Wyoming; the basal Arrow Creek Bentonite is 98.5 ± 0.5 Ma and the capping Clay Spur Bentonite is 97.2 ± 0.7 Ma (Obradovich, 1993; Ogg and Hinnov, 2012; Sprinkel and others, 2012) near the base of the Upper Cretaceous. Tucker et al. 2020 also suggested a likely depositional age of ~96-94Ma for the Musseuntuchit member.

• bed-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: fluvial-lacustrine; fine-grained sandstone

• The microvertebrate fossils described here were recovered from a fine-grained sandstone sandwiched between siltstone-dominated units, approximately five meters below the contact with the overlying Naturita Formation. Five geologic samples above, within, and below the fossil layer were collected along a section ∼1 m high (Fig. 1E). These samples indicate the COI microfossil assemblage displays a coarsening upward sequence from siltstone below the fossil-bearing layer to a bentonitic, fine-grained sandstone within it and then a transition back to siltstone above the fossil-bearing layer, possibly representing an oxbow lake with an adjacent river migrating towards the lake. Precise locality information for this site is recorded at the NC Museum of Natural Sciences.

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Preservation: trace

Collected in 2014

Collection methods: bulk, surface (in situ), chemical, sieve, ,

• reposited at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences

•Approximately 183 kg of in situ sediment was collected from a fossiliferous horizon ∼15 m in width and 30 cm thick. The sediment, composed principally of a gray, highly bentonitic mudstone, was screenwashed in loads of 1,000 g using nylon paint sieves and traditional nested sieves

Primary reference: H. M. Avrahami, T. A. Gates, A. B. Heckert, P. J. Makovicky, and L. E. Zanno. 2018. A new microvertebrate assemblage from the Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation: insights into the paleobiodiversity and paleobiogeography of early Late Cretaceous ecosystems in western North America. PeerJ 1-52 [E. Vlachos/E. Vlachos]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 200123: authorized by Evangelos Vlachos, entered by Evangelos Vlachos on 15.03.2019, edited by Matthew Carrano

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Actinopteri
 Neopterygii -
Neopterygii indet.
Approximately 112 teeth, 53 complete or partial scales, and additional skeletal and vertebral fragments; NCSM 33297, 33361
Pycnodontiformes indet. Berg 1937
NCSM 33304, 33303
 Aulopiformes - Enchodontidae
cf. Enchodontidae indet. Woodward 1901
NCSM 33307, 33308
 Holostei -
Lepisosteiformes indet. Hay 1929 gar
> 56 partial scales
 Lepisosteiformes - Lepisosteidae
Lepisosteidae indet. Cuvier 1825 gar
three morphotypes of teeth; NCSM 33279, 33282
 Amiiformes - Amiidae
Amiinae indet. Bonaparte 1837 bowfin
NCSM 33292
Amphibia
 Temnospondyli - Albanerpetontidae
Albanerpeton sp. Estes and Hoffstetter 1976 tetrapod
NCSM 33278, dentary bearing three complete teeth and one tooth fragment
Mammalia
 Tribosphenida -
Sinbadelphys schmidti Cifelli 2004 metatherian
NCSM 33354, mesial half of R upper molar
Marsupialia indet. Illiger 1811 marsupial
NCSM 33355, incomplete upper, second premolar
Reptilia
 Testudinata - Helochelydridae
Helochelydridae indet. Nopcsa 1928 turtle
NCSM 33380, 33383, 33388 (new species, previously referred to Naomichelys speciosa)
 Testudines - Adocidae
Adocidae indet. Cope 1869 turtle
NCSM 33387, 33381, 33382 (likely new species)
 Loricata -
Mesoeucrocodylia indet. Whetstone and Whybrow 1983 crocodilian
NCSM 33284, 33286, 33305, 33315, 33270, 33289, 33290, 33362, 33384 (incl. teeth similar to those of bernissartids, atoposaurids, pholidosaurids)
 Loricata - Pholidosauridae
cf. Dakotasuchus sp. Mehl 1941 crocodilian
NCSM 33269
 Theropoda -
Theropoda indet. theropod
20 tooth fragments, 11 bone fragments
 Theropoda - Elongatoolithidae
Macroelongatoolithus sp. Li et al. 1995 theropod
NCSM 33364, 33363, 33365; eggshell fragments
 Theropoda -
Coelurosauria indet. coelurosaur
NCSM 33268, tooth
Tyrannosauroidea indet. Walker 1964 coelurosaur
NCSM 33276, premaxillary tooth
 Theropoda - Tyrannosauridae
? Tyrannosauridae indet. Osborn 1906 tyrannosaurid
NCSM 33268, tooth
Aves
  -
Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird
NCSM 33299, 33300; teeth
Reptilia
 Theropoda - Dromaeosauridae
Dromaeosauridae indet. Colbert and Russell 1969 maniraptoran
NCSM 33275, NCSM 33267, teeth
Richardoestesia sp. Currie et al. 1990 maniraptoran
NCSM 33274, 33288; teeth
 Theropoda -
Paronychodon sp. Cope 1876 maniraptoran
NCSM 33277, 33298, 33308; teeth
 Ornithischia -
Ornithischia indet. ornithischian
NCSM 33322, 33318, 33316, 33312, 33314; teeth
Hadrosauroidea indet. ornithopod
NCSM 33320, 33321, 33323 ("possibly referable to Eolambia caroljonesa")
 Squamata -
? Squamata indet. squamates
NCSM 33295, tooth
Scincomorpha indet. Camp 1923 squamates
NCSM 33293, scincomorphan (paramacellodid–cordylid grade) tooth
? Scincomorpha indet. Camp 1923 squamates
NCSM 33296, jaw fragment