Azmaka 4 (Miocene of Bulgaria)

Also known as AZM 4

Where: Bulgaria (42.2° N, 25.3° E: paleocoordinates 42.0° N, 25.1° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

When: Turolian (8.7 - 5.3 Ma)

Environment/lithology: terrestrial; sandstone

Size class: macrofossils

Primary reference: N. Spassov, D. Geraads, L. Hristova, G. N. Markov, G. Merceron, T. Tzankov, K. Stoyanov, M. Bohme, and A. Dimitrova. 2012. A hominid tooth from Bulgaria: The last pre-human hominid of continental Europe. Journal of Human Evolution 62(1):138-145 [E. Vlachos/E. Vlachos]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 208568: authorized by Evangelos Vlachos, entered by Evangelos Vlachos on 03.04.2020

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names
unclassified
  -
Cremohipparion cf. mediterraneum, Cremohipparion cf. matthewi
Reptilia
 Testudines - Testudinidae
Testudo cf. marmorum
Testudo cf. marmorum Gaudry 1862 turtle
Mammalia
 Proboscidea - Choerolophodontidae
Choerolophodon pentelici
Choerolophodon pentelici Gaudry and Lartet 1856 proboscidean
 Proboscidea - Deinotheriidae
"Deinotherium gigantissimum" = Deinotherium giganteum
"Deinotherium gigantissimum" = Deinotherium giganteum Kaup 1829 deinothere
 Proboscidea - Gomphotheriidae
Tetralophodon atticus, Anancus sp.
Anancus sp. Aymard 1855 gomphothere
 Placentalia -
Hyracoidea indet.
Hyracoidea indet. Huxley 1869 hyrax
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
Mustelidae indet.
Mustelidae indet. Fischer 1817 mustelid carnivore
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Adcrocuta eximia, Ictitherium sp.
Adcrocuta eximia Roth and Wagner 1854 hyaena
Ictitherium sp. Wagner 1848 hyaena
 Carnivora - Felidae
Machairodus sp.
Machairodus sp. Kaup 1833 cat
 Artiodactyla - Suidae
Microstonyx cf. major
Microstonyx cf. major Gervais 1848 pig
 Artiodactyla - Cervidae
cf. Pliocervus sp.
cf. Pliocervus sp. Hilzheimer 1922 deer
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
? Miotragocerus gaudryi, Tragoportax sp., Gazella sp., Protragelaphus cf. skouzesi, Prostrepsiceros zitteli, Prostrepsiceros sp., cf. Protoryx sp.
? Miotragocerus gaudryi Kretzoi 1941 antelope
Tragoportax sp. Pilgrim 1937 antelope
Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle
Prostrepsiceros sp. Forsyth Major 1891 antelope
cf. Protoryx sp. Forsyth Major 1891 antelope
 Artiodactyla - Giraffidae
Helladotherium sp., Bohlinia attica
Helladotherium sp. Gaudry 1860 giraffe
Bohlinia attica Lydekker 1886 giraffe
 Artiodactyla - Tragulidae
Dorcatherium sp.
Dorcatherium sp. Kaup 1839 chevrotain
 Perissodactyla - Chalicotheriidae
cf. Anisodon sp.
cf. Anisodon sp. Lartet 1851 chalicothere
 Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
Acerorhinus sp., cf. Ceratotherium sp.
Acerorhinus sp. Kretzoi 1942 rhinoceros
cf. Ceratotherium sp. Gray 1868 white rhino
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
Hippotherium cf. brachypus
Hippotherium cf. brachypus hipparionine horse