Full reference: E. D. Cope. 1887. Zittel's Manual of Palaeontology. The American Naturalist 21(11):1014-1019
Parent taxon: Osteichthyes according to R. Betancur et al. 2013
See also Ahlberg 1991, Andrews 1906, Carnevale 2007, Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Cartanyà 1999, Case and Schwimmer 1988, Casier 1966, Choo 2012, Cvancara and Hoganson 1993, Daly 1973, Delsate 1997, Delsate 2003, Denton 2013, Domning and Clark 1993, Fourriére et al. 2014, Friedman 2012, Gadow 1898, Grande and Hilton 2006, Kumar and Loyal 1987, Lambe 1908, Long 2011, Long et al. 2008, Martinelli and Forasiepi 2004, Meyer and Zardoya 2003, Miles 1977, Nelson et al. 2016, Poyato-Ariza 2010, Previtera and González Riga 2008, Schaeffer and Dalquest 1978, Thurmond and Jones 1981, Weems 1999, Woodward 1902, Woodward 1916 and Zalohar et al. 2009
Sister taxa: Actinopterygii, Andreolepis, Cephaloxeniformes, Coregonidae, Crenilepis, Cyclotomodon, Dialipiniformes, Discordichthyiformes, Ganoidei, Iniomi, Lophosteus, Naxilepis, Pattonia, Pattonia couttsi, Preophiodon, Sarcopterygii, Tythonichthys, Aspidoganoidei, Malacostomata, Ptilichnus, Percidarum, Dipneusta, Charitosaurus, Otolithopsis, Azygostei, Chrondroterygia, Rhytiodus, Hypostomata, Argentinoideorum, Teleostomata, Lepidoleprus
Subtaxa: Actinopteri Aeduelliformes Aesopichthyidae Aetheospondyli Aetheretmon Aethocephalichthys Akanolepis Ameghinichthys Anapterus Aneurolepis Asarotiformes Atkinsonella Australichthys Avamia Avonichthys Baoqingichthys Beagiascus Bishofia Bluefieldius Bobastraniiformes Burguklia Cenechoia paramillensis Cenechoia sulcata Charleuxiidae Chichiidae Chirothrix Cladistia Cuneognathus Diplospondichthys Discordichthyidae Echidnocephalus Engraulis Eurekichthyoidei Eurynotiformes Eurynotus uspallatensis Eurypoma Exocoetoides Fubarichthyiformes Guaymayenia Guildayichthyiformes Guntherichthys Gyrolepidoides cuyanus Gyrolepidotidae Histiothrissa Holuropsis Isospondyli Kalops Kansasiella Kenderlichthyidae Kutaichthys Lepidotus pectoralis Lepidotus trotti Lineagruan Mallotus Meemannia Meisenheimichthys Ministrella Moythomasiidae Neochallaia leonensis Neuburgichthys Nozamichthys Ophiopsis lariensis Opistopteryx Oxypteriscus Pachylebias Palaeobergia Palaeoneiros Palaeonisci Palaeonisciformes Palaeoniscimorpha Palaeoniscoidae Palaeoniscoidea Paleonisciformes Paramblypteriformes Phanerosteonoidei Phoebeannaia Pholidophorus dentatus Pholidophorus lepturus Pholidophorus vallejensis Piratata Polypteri Protaulopsis Protospondyli Pseudoberyx Rhynchorhinus Roslerichthys Salmo Schizospondylus Semionotus brevis Semionotus dubius Semionotus inornatus Semionotus mendozaensis Semionotus unicristatus Semionotus vallejensis Spinofacia Stegotrachelus Tanyrhinichthys Tarrasiiformes Terenolepis Tetragonopterus Thryptodus Trachichthyiformes Uranichthys Yaomoshania