Actinopteri - Perciformes - Sparidae
Parent taxon: Perciformes according to S. Schneider et al. 2009
See also Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Hay 1902, Nelson et al. 2016 and Rapp 1946
Sister taxa: Acanthonotus, Acanthuroidei, Alepes, Ammodytoidei, Amphiperca, Anarhichas, Anarrhichthys, Aphia, Aplodactylidae, Apogonoides, Apolectus, Aramichthys, Arripidae, Avitolabrax, Bairdiella, Banjosidae, Bathyclupeidae, Bembropidae, Bilinia, Blabe, Brama, Branchiostegidae, Brotulidae, Burtinia, Callyodon, Carangodidae, Caucasichthyidae, Chaeturichthys, Chandidae, Chironemidae, Cockerellites, Coryphopterus, Cottioidei, Cottopsis, Ctenodentex, Ctenosciaena, Dapaloides, Diaphyodus, Dichistiidae, Dinopercidae, Dipterichthys, Ductoridae, Eocottidae, Eoluvarus, Eoserranus, Epinnula, Exelliidae, Gempylus, Glaucosoma, Gobioidei, Grammatorycnus, Haliophis, Hapalogeniidae, Hypacanthus, Hyperprosopon, Icosteoidei, Isacia, Kyphosus, Labroidea, Labroidei, Lactariidae, Landanichthys, Latellopsis, Latidae, Latridae, Lithognathus, Lonchistium, Lycodopsis, Lyconectes, Maccullochella, Matarchia, Menticirrhus, Mugiloidei, Nebris, Notothenioidei, Odonteobolca, Opisthomyzon, Ostracoberyx, Palaeoperca, Paraplatax, Parapygaeus, Pararhenanoperca, Pasaichthys, Pennahia, Pentacerotidae, Pentaprion, Percalates, Perciliidae, Percoidei, Percoideorum, Percophidae, Phanerodon, Phosphichthys, Pirskenius, Plagioholocentrus, Platycephalidae, Platylates, Priacanthopsis, Propercarinidae, Propygidium, Psenes, Pseudoscarus, Quasicichla, Quasimullidae, Quasinectes, Repropcidae, Rexea, Rhenanoperca, Robertanniidae, Scomberoides, Scombrolabracoidei, Scombropidae, Scombrops, Scombrosphyraena, Scorpaenoidei, Selar, Serranoidei, Sphyraenoidei, Sphyraenops, Stromateoidei, Stromateus, Synagrops, Tetrapterus, Thalasseloetridae, Thyrsitocephalus, Trachinoidei, Trichiuroidei, Tungtingichthys, Wangia, Xiphioidei, Zoarces, Zoarcoidei
Subtaxa: Archosargus Boops Box Calamus Crenidens Crommyodus Dentex Evynnis Lagodon Pagellinae Pagrus Paracalamus Pshekharus Rhythmias Sparinae Sparus Stenotomus
Ecology: nektonic carnivore
Distribution:
• Haweran of New Zealand (1 collection)
• Quaternary of Australia (1), France (1), Greece (5), Italy (3), Spain (1), Turks and Caicos Islands (1), United States (6: California, Florida, Georgia)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of Italy (1)
• Pliocene of Angola (1), Greece (5), Italy (5), Libya (1), Portugal (1), United States (2: Florida, North Carolina)
• Hemphillian of Costa Rica (1)
• Neogene of Indonesia (1)
• Miocene of Algeria (6), Argentina (1), Austria (3), Belgium (1), Costa Rica (2), the Czech Republic (3), France (8), Germany (3), Greece (1), India (1), Italy (7), Kazakhstan (1), Mexico (1), New Zealand (3), Poland (1), Portugal (2), Romania (1), the Russian Federation (1), Slovakia (1), Spain (8), United States (11: California, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia)
• Oligocene to Miocene of Greece (1), New Zealand (1)
• Oligocene of Belgium (1), France (2), Germany (3), Hungary (1), New Zealand (3), United States (3: North Carolina, South Carolina)
• Eocene of Barbados (1), Belgium (3), France (2), Germany (1), Italy (1), New Zealand (1), Nigeria (2), the United Kingdom (8), United States (1: Virginia)
• Cretaceous of Lebanon (2), Mali (1)
Total: 141 collections including 243 occurrences