Full reference: T. J. A. Reijers. 1972. Facies and diagenesis of the Devonian Portilla Limestone Formation between the River Esla and the embalse de la Luna, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 47(2):163-249
Parent taxon: Phacopina according to J. M. Adrain 2011
See also Jell and Adrain 2002
Sister taxa: Dalmanitoidea, Diaphanometopidae, Phacopoidea, Prosopiscidae
Subtaxa: Acastidae Calmoniidae
Type: Acastidae
Ecology: fast-moving low-level epifaunal carnivore
Distribution:
• Givetian of Iran (1 collection), Venezuela (3)
• Devonian of Afghanistan (8), Algeria (8), Australia (4), Belarus (1), Belgium (5), Bolivia (8), Brazil (30), Canada (2: Ontario), Colombia (2), the Czech Republic (1), France (46), Germany (13), Iran (3), Libya (5), Luxembourg (2), Mauritania (1), Morocco (31), New Zealand (1), Pakistan (2), Poland (21), South Africa (17), Spain (23), Turkey (4), Ukraine (7), the United Kingdom (1), United States (182: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania), Uruguay (1), Venezuela (1)
• Silurian to Devonian of Algeria (3), Argentina (1), Morocco (3), Poland (2), Ukraine (1)
• Silurian of Argentina (3), Belarus (1), Bolivia (1), Estonia (3), France (1), Latvia (1), Paraguay (2), Poland (6), Spain (1), Ukraine (4), the United Kingdom (11), United States (1: Georgia)
• Dobrotivian of France (8), Morocco (1), Portugal (4), Spain (10)
• Letna of the Czech Republic (1)
• Ordovician of the Czech Republic (9), France (3), Morocco (8), Portugal (2), Spain (19), Turkey (1), the United Kingdom (15)
Total: 560 collections including 884 occurrences