Subfamily Laevicardiinae Keen 1936 (cockle)

Bivalvia - Cardiida - Cardiidae

Parent taxon: Cardiidae according to E. V. Coan and P. Valentich-Scott 2012

See also Bouchet et al. 2010, Carter et al. 2011, Dockery 1982, Moore 2003, Schneider 1995, Ter Poorten 2013, Vokes 1980 and Woodring 1982

Sister taxa: Cerastoderma, Dochmocardia, Europicardium, Goethemia, Hemicardium, Indocardium, Jurassicardium, Lahilliinae, Maoricardium, Monodacna, Neocardiids, Obsoletiforma, Obsoletiformes, Papillicardium, Papyridea, Paradacna, Parvicardium, Parvidacna, Pascoella, Patagonicardium, Perucardia, Plagiocardium, Protocardiinae, Ringicardium, Sawkinsia, Serripes, Trachycardiinae, Goniocardium

Subtaxa: Arctopratulum Brevicardium Discors Divaricardium Frigidocardium Fulvia Habecardium Keenaea Laevicardium Lophocardium Microcardium Nemocardium Pratulum Trifaricardium

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Ecology: facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeder

Distribution:

• Quaternary of Australia (3 collections), the Bahamas (3), Belgium (1), Bermuda (2), Cayman Islands (2), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (1), Cuba (1), the Dominican Republic (3), Ecuador (2), Eritrea (1), Iran (1), Ireland (1), Italy (1), Jamaica (1), Japan (10), Kenya (2), Mexico (3), Morocco (2), the Netherlands (2), New Zealand (1), Panama (1), the Philippines (1), Portugal (5), Spain (1), Sudan (1), Taiwan (1), the United Kingdom (1), United States (97: California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina), Uruguay (1), Venezuela (3)

• Pliocene to Pleistocene of Malaysia (1), Mexico (1), United States (5: California, Florida)

• Pliocene of Belgium (7), Colombia (5), Costa Rica (3), the Dominican Republic (10), Ecuador (6), Haiti (1), Indonesia (4), Italy (2), Jamaica (5), Japan (13), Mexico (3), the Netherlands (1), New Zealand (1), Pakistan (3), Panama (13), the Russian Federation (2), Trinidad and Tobago (1), the United Kingdom (5), United States (8: California, Florida, North Carolina), Vanuatu (1), Venezuela (4)

• Miocene to Pliocene of the Dominican Republic (6), Indonesia (1)

• Miocene of Algeria (1), Australia (5), Austria (3), Belgium (6), Brazil (6), Bulgaria (3), Colombia (5), Costa Rica (1), Cyprus (1), the Dominican Republic (31), Ecuador (1), France (2), Germany (31), Greece (2), India (1), Indonesia (11), Iran (1), Italy (3), Jamaica (1), Japan (35), Morocco (1), the Netherlands (2), New Zealand (8), Pakistan (7), Panama (23), the Philippines (1), Puerto Rico (2), the Russian Federation (18), Slovakia (1), Sri Lanka (2), United States (17: Florida, Oregon, Washington), Vanuatu (1), Venezuela (1)

• Oligocene to Miocene of United States (2: Florida)

• Oligocene of Argentina (1), Austria (1), the Dominican Republic (1), France (27), Germany (2), Hungary (3), Japan (11), Mexico (3), Pakistan (2), Panama (2), the Russian Federation (7), United States (75: Alabama, Alaska, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oregon, Washington)

• Eocene of Australia (1), Belgium (3), Bulgaria (3), Colombia (1), Curaçao (1), Egypt (3), France (2), Germany (1), Hungary (1), India (4), Indonesia (2), Italy (3), Japan (8), Mexico (2), New Zealand (11), Pakistan (1), Panama (2), the Russian Federation (5), the United Kingdom (24), United States (179: Alabama, California, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington)

• Paleocene to Eocene of United States (4: California)

• Paleocene of Austria (1), Belgium (2), Bulgaria (1), Denmark (1), Egypt (1), France (1), Germany (2), New Zealand (5), Poland (1), the Russian Federation (4), United States (60: Alabama, California, Maryland, Texas, Virginia)

• Cretaceous of Australia (1), Brazil (2), Denmark (1), India (3), Japan (20), Lebanon (1), Madagascar (1), the Netherlands (1), Poland (8), the Russian Federation (1), Saudi Arabia (1), Spain (1), the United Kingdom (7), United States (31: Alabama, Delaware, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Tennessee, Texas, Wyoming)

• Triassic of Slovakia (1)

Total: 1059 collections including 1182 occurrences

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