Family Gasterosteidae (perch-like fish)
Actinopteri - Perciformes - Gasterosteidae
Parent taxon: Gasterosteales according to R. Betancur et al. 2013
See also Fierstine et al. 2012, Hay 1902, Jordan 1963, Nelson et al. 2016, Pietsch 1978 and Seymour 2004
Sister taxa: Aulorhynchidae, Hypoptychidae
Subtaxa: Gasterosteus Pungitius
Type: Gasterosteus
Ecology: nektonic carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Canada (2: Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario collections), the United Kingdom (2), United States (6: California, Michigan)
• Pliocene of United States (1: California)
• Hemphillian of United States (1: Nevada)
• Miocene of the Russian Federation (1), United States (1: California)
Total: 14 collections including 15 occurrences