Parent taxon: Actinopterygii according to E. J. Hilton and L. Grande 2022
See also Applegate 1970, Betancur et al. 2013, Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Daly 1973, Dunkle 1946, Ebersole et al. 2019, Fierstine et al. 2012, Gadow 1898, Grande and Hilton 2006, Grande et al. 2002, Hay 1902, Heintz 1934, Jaekel 1911, Jordan 1963, Lauder and Liem 1983, Long 2011, Murray et al. 2023, Nelson 2006, Nelson et al. 2016, Thurmond and Jones 1981 and van der Laan 2019
Sister taxa: Acropomatiformes, Actinopteri, Aesopichthyidae, Aetheospondyli, Aetheretmon, Aethocephalichthys, Akanolepis, Ameghinichthys, Anapterus, Aneurolepis, Apholiformes, Asarotiformes, Atkinsonella, Australichthys, Avamia, Avonichthys, Baoqingichthys, Beagiascus, Bishofia, Bluefieldius, Bobastraniiformes, Burguklia, Charleuxiidae, Chirothrix, Cuneognathus, Daemodontiscus, Diplospondichthys, Discordichthyidae, Echidnocephalus, Eurekichthyoidei, Eurynotiformes, Eurypoma, Exocoetoides, Fubarichthyiformes, Guntherichthys, Gyrolepidotidae, Holuropsis, Isospondyli, Kalops, Kansasiella, Kutaichthys, Lepidotus pectoralis, Lepidotus trotti, Lineagruan, Mallotus, Meemannia, Meisenheimichthys, Ministrella, Moythomasiidae, Neuburgichthys, Nozamichthys, Ophiopsis lariensis, Opistopteryx, Oxypteriscus, Pachylebias, Palaeoneiros, Palaeonisci, Palaeonisciformes, Palaeoniscimorpha, Palaeoniscoidae, Palaeoniscoidea, Paleonisciformes, Paramblypteriformes, Phanerosteonoidei, Phoebeannaia, Pholidophorus lepturus, Piratata, Polypteri, Protaulopsis, Protospondyli, Raynerius, Rhynchorhinus, Roslerichthys, Schizospondylus, Semionotus brevis, Semionotus dubius, Semionotus inornatus, Sphyragnathus, Spinofacia, Stambergichthys, Stegotrachelus, Tanyrhinichthys, Terenolepis, Tetragonopterus, Trawdenia, Uranichthys, Yaomoshania
Subtaxa: Acipenseriformes Asterodontidae Cheirolepiformes Chondrosteiformes Dictyopygidae Diphyodontidae Guidayichthyiformes Guildayichthyiformes Neochallaia Phanerorhynchiformes Polyodonti Polypteriformes Sturii
Ecology: planktonic suspension feeder