Parent taxon: Actinopteri according to R. Betancur et al. 2013
See also Arratia 2015, Bürgin 2004, Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Delsate 1997, Delsate 2003, Delsate et al. 2002, Ebersole et al. 2024, Fierstine et al. 2012, González-Rodríguez et al. 2004, Lombardo and Tintori 2008, Long 2011, Meyer and Zardoya 2003, Nelson 2006, Nelson et al. 2016, Poyato-Ariza 2010, Poyato-Ariza and Bermúdez-Rochas 2007, Poyato-Ariza and Wenz 2005, Sarr et al. 2024, Verma 2024 and Xu and Gao 2011
Sister taxa: Anaglyphus, Angatubichthys, Bethesdaichthys, Blourugia, Docopteri, Frederichthys, Kompasia, Lanarkichthys, Limnomis, Lysopteri, Melanecta, Merospondyli, Mesichthyes, Moythomasia, Palaeophoxinus, Phthinobranchii, Plectospondyli, Pseudohaplolepis, Tarrasiidae, Westlepis, Woodichthys
Subtaxa: Ducanichthys Frodoichthys Gebrayelichthyidae Gimlichthys Guildayichthyidae Holostei Louwoichthyiformes Peltopleuriformes Perleidiformes Placopleurus Plesiofuro Pycnodontiformes Scanilepiformes Teleosteomorpha Venusichthyidae
Ecology: