PBDB Taxon

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Mammut (mastodon)

Osteichthyes - Proboscidea - Mammutidae

Taxonomy

Mammut was named by Blumenbach (1799).

It was reranked as Mastodon (Mammut) by Schlesinger (1919).

It was assigned to Elephantidae by Hay (1902); to Mastodon by Schlesinger (1919); to Palaeomastodontidae by Madden (1980); to Mammutinae by McKenna and Bell (1997), Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Mastodontidae by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Eshelman et al. (2018); and to Mammutidae by Blumenbach (1799), Simpson (1945), Wilson (1967), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Miller (1987), Carroll (1988), Shoshani et al. (1989), Abraczinskas (1993), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Konidaris and Tsoukala (2019), Dooley et al. (2019).

Synonyms

Leviathan was named by Koch (1841).

It was synonymized subjectively with Mammut by Lambert et al. (2010).
Tetracaulodon was named by Godman (1830). Its type is Tetracaulodon mastodontoideum.

It was synonymized subjectively with Mammut by Loomis (1918).

It was assigned to Proboscidia by Godman (1830).
Pliomastodon was named by Osborn (1926).

It was reranked as Mammut (Pliomastodon) by Shotwell and Russell (1963); it was synonymized subjectively with Mammut by Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Lambert and Shoshani (1998), Lucas and Morgan (1999).

It was assigned to Mammut by Shotwell and Russell (1963); to Palaeomastodontidae by Madden (1980); and to Mammutidae by Osborn (1926), Tedford et al. (1987), Carroll (1988).
Mastodon was named by Cuvier (1817) [status unclear in light of revival of S. primitivus by Lambert and Shoshani 1998; also credited to Rafinesque 1814].

It was synonymized subjectively with Mammut by Hay (1902), Simpson (1945), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Madden (1980), Shoshani and Tassy (1996).

It was assigned to Pachydermata by Owen (1844); to Proboscidia by Owen (1848); to Pachydermata by Leidy (1860); to Elephantina by Gray (1825), Nordmann (1860); to Proboscidea by Leidy (1873); and to Elephantidae by Lydekker (1880), Cope (1889), Stefani (1916), Abel (1919), Oliver Schneider (1926).
Missourium was named by Koch (1840).

It was synonymized subjectively with Mammut by Shoshani and Tassy (1996).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1799	Mammut Blumenbach
1817	Mastodon Cuvier
1825	Mastodon Gray p. 342
1830	Tetracaulodon Godman
1840	Missourium Koch
1841	Leviathan Koch
1844	Mastodon Owen p. 219
1848	Mastodon Owen p. 139
1860	Mastodon Leidy p. 108
1860	Mastodon Nordmann p. 288
1873	Mastodon Leidy p. 330
1880	Mastodon Lydekker
1889	Mastodon Cope p. 193
1902	Mammut Hay p. 707
1916	Mastodon Stefani p. 10
1918	Mastodon Osborn
1919	Mastodon Abel p. 826
1919	Mastodon (Mammut) Schlesinger p. 142
1926	Mastodon Oliver Schneider p. 150
1926	Pliomastodon Osborn
1945	Mammut Simpson
1963	Mammut (Pliomastodon) Shotwell and Russell
1967	Mammut Wilson p. 213
1980	Mammut Kurten and Anderson p. 344
1980	Mammut Madden p. 58
1980	Pliomastodon Madden p. 58
1981	Mammut Thurmond and Jones p. 180
1987	Mammut Miller p. 171
1987	Pliomastodon Tedford et al.
1988	Mammut Carroll
1988	Pliomastodon Carroll
1989	Mammut Shoshani et al. p. 436
1993	Mammut Abraczinskas p. 345
1996	Mammut Shoshani and Tassy p. 352
1997	Mammut McKenna and Bell p. 500
1998	Mammut Lambert and Shoshani p. 610
2005	Mammut Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2.1
2018	Mammut Eshelman et al. p. 10
2019	Mammut Dooley et al. p. 4
2019	Mammut Konidaris and Tsoukala

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
superorder	Afrotheria
—	Paenungulatomorpha
superorder	Paenungulata
—	Tethytheria
order	Proboscidea	()
—	Elephantimorpha	Tassy and Shoshani 1997
family	Mammutidae	Hay 1922
genus	Mammut	Blumenbach 1799

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Mammut Blumenbach 1799 [mastodon]

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†Mammut americanum Kerr 1792 [American mastodon]

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†Mastodon americanus alaskensis Frick 1933

Invalid names: Elephas americanus De Kay 1842 [synonym], Mammut ohioticum Blumenbach 1797 [synonym], Mammut progenium Hay 1914 [synonym], Mastodon giganteum Cuvier 1817 [synonym], Pliomastodon adamsi Hibbard 1944 [synonym], Tapirus mastodontoides Harlan 1825 [synonym], Tetracaulodon mastodontoideum Godman 1830 [synonym]

†Mammut borsoni Hays 1834

†Mammut cosoensis Schultz 1937

†Mammut floridanum Leidy 1886

†Mammut furlongi Shotwell and Russell 1963

†Mammut matthewi Osborn 1921

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Invalid names: Mammut nevadanus [synonym], Pliomastodon sellardsi Simpson 1930 [synonym], Pliomastodon vexillarius Matthew 1930 [synonym]

†Mammut obliquelophus Mucha 1980

†Mammut pacificus Dooley et al. 2019

†Mammut praetypicum Schlesinger 1919

Invalid names: Leviathan Koch 1841 [synonym], Mastodon Cuvier 1817 [synonym], Missourium Koch 1840 [synonym], Pliomastodon Osborn 1926 [synonym], Tetracaulodon Godman 1830 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
J. D. Godman 1830 (Tetracaulodon)	having four tusks; of which two, large and strong, similar to those of the Mastodon, belong to the upper jaw, and two, small, short and spiral, project from sockets on each side of the chin. The lower jaw produced or elongated at the symphisis; having on its superior surface a smooth hollow groove for the tongue, and terminating in a narrow apex containing sockets for the inferior tusks.