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Camarasaurus

Reptilia - Camarasauridae

Taxonomy
Camarasaurus was named by Cope (1877). It is the type genus of Camarasauridae, Camarasaurinae.

It was assigned to Cetiosauridae by Cope (1891) and Cope (1898); to Atlantosauridae by Sauvage (1882), Dollo (1884), Nopcsa (1901) and Hay (1902); to Opisthocoelia by Osborn and Mook (1919); to Sauropoda by Williston (1878), Seeley (1879) and Joleaud (1922); to Morosauridae by Zittel (1890), Marsh (1895), Marsh (1896), Marsh (1898), Huene (1908), Huene (1908), Huene (1909), von Zittel (1911), Lull (1924), Huene (1927), Huene (1927) and Huene (1929); to Brachiosauridae by Tatarinov (1964) and Romer (1966); to Titanosauridae by Madsen and Miller (1979); to Camarasaurinae by Nopcsa (1928), Romer (1956), Steel (1970), Swinton (1970), Coombs and Molnar (1981) and McIntosh (1990); to Brachiosauria by Upchurch (1997); to Camarasauromorpha by Royo-Torres et al. (2006) and Sekiya (2011); to Eusauropoda by Upchurch et al. (2007) and Apaldetti et al. (2013); to Macronaria by Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Wilson and Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Sereno et al. (1999), Smith et al. (2001), Wilson (2002), Apesteguía (2005), Apesteguía (2005), Gallina and Apesteguía (2005), Allain and Aquesbi (2008), Suteethorn et al. (2010), Ksepka and Norell (2010), Canudo et al. (2010), Whitlock (2011), D'Emic (2012) and Xing et al. (2015); and to Camarasauridae by Cope (1877), Cope (1878), Cope (1878), Hay (1930), Lapparent (1943), Galton (1977), McIntosh (1981), Santafé et al. (1982), Rich et al. (1983), Russell (1984), Bonaparte (1986), Sanz (1986), Bonaparte (1986), Carroll (1988), McIntosh (1990), Miller et al. (1991), Mcintosh et al. (1992), Hunt and Lucas (1993), Carpenter and McIntosh (1994), Upchurch (1995), Upchurch (1995), McIntosh et al. (1996), McIntosh et al. (1996), McIntosh (1997), Dodson (1997), Dong (1998), Bonaparte (1999), Upchurch et al. (2004), Ikejiri (2005), Foster (2005), Chure et al. (2006), Moser et al. (2006), Mocho et al. (2014), Foster and Peterson (2016) and Mannion et al. (2019).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1877Camarasaurus Cope pp. 2-3
1877Caulodon Cope pp. 193-194
1878Camarasaurus Cope
1878Morosaurus Marsh p. 242
1878Camerasaurus Williston pp. 44-45
1878Mososaurus Williston pp. 44-45
1879Camarosaurus Seeley p. 183
1879Morosaurus Seeley p. 183
1881Morosaurus Marsh
1882Morosaurus Quenstedt p. 188
1882Camarosaurus Sauvage p. 35
1882Morosaurus Sauvage p. 35
1884Camarasaurus Dollo p. 298
1884Morosaurus Dollo p. 298
1884Morosaurus Marsh p. 68
1885Morosaurus Marsh p. 764
1890Morosaurus Zittel p. 709
1890Camarosaurus Zittel p. 711
1890Caulodon Zittel p. 711
1891Camarasaurus Cope p. 43
1893Morosaurus Winkler p. 101
1895Camarasaurus Marsh
1895Morosaurus Marsh
1895Caulodon Sauvage p. 467
1896Morosaurus Depéret p. 184
1896Camarasaurus Marsh p. 241
1896Morosaurus Marsh p. 241
1896Morosaurus Sauvage p. 48
1897Morosaurus Gadow p. 204
1897Morosaurus Marsh p. 496
1898Camarasaurus Cope p. 68
1898Morosaurus Gadow p. 22
1898Camarasaurus Marsh p. 158
1898Morosaurus Marsh p. 158
1898Morosaurus Sauvage p. 8
1901Morosaurus Gadow p. 418
1901Camarosaurus Nopcsa p. 204
1901Caulodon Nopcsa p. 204
1901Morosaurus Nopcsa p. 206
1902Morosaurus Hay p. 483
1902Caulodon Hay p. 484
1902Camarasaurus Hay p. 485
1902Morosaurus Mansel-Pleydell p. lxxvi
1908Camarosaurus Huene p. 297
1908Morosaurus Huene p. 297
1908Camarasaurus Huene p. 347
1908Morosaurus Huene p. 347
1909Camarasaurus Huene p. 14
1909Morosaurus Huene p. 14
1909Caulodon Huene p. 15
1911Camarosaurus von Zittel p. 287
1911Morosaurus von Zittel p. 287
1911Caulodon von Zittel p. 288
1913Morosaurus Tornier p. 370
1919Uintasaurus Holland p. 38
1919Camarasaurus Osborn and Mook p. 383
1922Camarosaurus Joleaud p. 62
1924Camarasaurus Lull p. 234
1924Morosaurus Lull p. 234
1927Camarasaurus Huene p. 123
1927Uintasaurus Huene p. 125
1927Camarasaurus Huene p. 460
1928Camarasaurus Nopcsa p. 184
1929Camarasaurus Huene p. 117
1929Uintasaurus Huene p. 118
1930Camarasaurus Hay p. 189
1930Caulodon Hay p. 192
1930Uintasaurus Hay p. 192
1936Morosaurus Swinton p. 211
1943Camarasaurus Lapparent p. 19
1956Camarasaurus Romer p. 621
1956Uintasaurus Romer p. 622
1956Caulodon Romer p. 624
1964Camarasaurus Tatarinov p. 547
1964Uintasaurus Tatarinov p. 547
1964Caulodon Tatarinov p. 549
1966Camarasaurus Romer p. 370
1970Camarasaurus Steel p. 72
1970Uintasaurus Steel p. 79
1970Caulodon Steel p. 82
1970Camarasaurus Swinton p. 173
1970Uintasaurus Swinton p. 178
1977Camarasaurus Galton p. 230
1979Camarasaurus Madsen and Miller p. 5
1981Camarasaurus Coombs, Jr. and Molnar p. 357
1981Camarasaurus McIntosh p. 12
1982Camarasaurus Santafé et al. p. 95
1983Camarasaurus Rich et al. p. 285
1984Camarasaurus Russell p. 22
1986Camarasaurus Bonaparte p. 254
1986Camarasaurus Sanz p. 85
1988Camarasaurus Carroll
1988Cathetosaurus Jensen
1990Camarasaurus McIntosh p. 55
1991Camarasaurus Miller et al. p. 40
1992Camarasaurus Mcintosh et al. p. 164
1993Camarasaurus Hunt and Lucas p. 73
1994Camarasaurus Carpenter and McIntosh p. 273
1995Camarasaurus Upchurch p. 253
1995Cathetosaurus Upchurch p. 253
1995Camarasaurus Upchurch pp. 377-378
1995Cathetosaurus Upchurch p. 378
1996Camarasaurus McIntosh et al. p. 6
1996Camarasaurus McIntosh et al. p. 74
1997Camarasaurus Dodson p. 11
1997Camarasaurus McIntosh p. 656
1997Camarasaurus Sereno p. 442 fig. 4
1997Camarasaurus Upchurch p. 82A
1998Camarasaurus Dong p. 84
1998Camarasaurus Sereno p. 71 fig. 7
1998Camarasaurus Wilson and Sereno p. 54 fig. 44
1999Camarasaurus Bonaparte p. 152
1999Camarasaurus Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
1999Camarasaurus Sereno et al. p. 1346 fig. 4
2001Camarasaurus Smith et al. p. 1705 fig. 3
2002Camarasaurus Wilson p. 240 fig. 13
2004Camarasaurus Upchurch et al. p. 266
2005Camarasaurus Apesteguía p. 257
2005Camarasaurus Foster p. 143
2005Camarasaurus Gallina and Apesteguía p. 159 fig. 5
2005Camarasaurus Ikejiri p. 368
2006Camarasaurus Chure et al. p. 236
2006Camarasaurus Moser et al. pp. 45-46 fig. 10
2006Camarasaurus Royo-Torres et al. p. 1926 fig. 3
2007Camarasaurus Upchurch et al. p. 62 fig. 3
2008Camarasaurus Allain and Aquesbi p. 403
2010Camarasaurus Canudo et al.
2010Camarasaurus Ksepka and Norell
2010Camarasaurus Suteethorn et al.
2011Camarasaurus Sekiya
2011Camarasaurus Whitlock
2012Camarasaurus D'Emic
2013Camarasaurus Apaldetti et al.
2014Camarasaurus Mocho et al.
2015Camarasaurus Xing et al.
2016Camarasaurus Foster and Peterson p. 440
2019Camarasaurus Mannion et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
RankNameAuthor
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Saurischia()
—Sauropoda()
—Gravisauria
—Eusauropoda
—Neosauropoda
—Macronaria
—Camarasauromorpha
familyCamarasauridae
genusCamarasaurus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Camarasaurus Cope 1877
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†Camarasaurus grandis Marsh 1877
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Invalid names: Morosaurus impar Marsh 1878 [synonym], Morosaurus robustus Marsh 1878 [synonym], Pleurocoelus montanus Marsh 1896 [synonym]
†Camarasaurus lentus Marsh 1889
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Invalid names: Camarasaurus annae Ellinger 1950 [synonym], Uintasaurus douglassi Holland 1919 [synonym]
†Camarasaurus lewisi Jensen 1988
†Camarasaurus supremus Cope 1877
hide
Invalid names: Amphicoelias latus Cope 1877 [synonym], Camarasaurus leptodirus Cope 1879 [synonym], Caulodon diversidens Cope 1877 [synonym], Caulodon leptoganus Cope 1878 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cathetosaurus Jensen 1988 [synonym], Caulodon Cope 1877 [synonym], Morosaurus Marsh 1878 [synonym], Uintasaurus Holland 1919 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. S. Lull 1924characterized by short, high skull, with very large orbit, nasal openings, and upper and lower temporal fenestrae; a very massive quadrate. Teeth, about 48 in number, large and spatulate, crowned somewhat as in Brontosaurus; about 13 cervicals, 10 or 11 dorsals, 4 or 5 sacrals, and 53 caudals; neural spines of cervicals bifid; dorsals with hyposphene-hypantrum articulations; ischium slender
T. Ikejiri 2005Massive lower and upper jaws; mas- sive vomer; short basipterygoid process; 12 cervical and 12 dorsal vertebrae; bifurcated neural spines in all mid- and posterior- cervical vertebrae (but variable in the anterior cervical vertebrae); U-shaped rather than V-shaped (e.g., diplodocids) neural spines in some dorsal vertebrae; relatively short and massive neural spine in posterior dorsal, sacral, and proximal caudal vertebrae; relatively short tail with about 53 caudal vertebrae; distal end of scapular blade broadly expanded; forelimbs more slender than hindlimb; humero-femoral length ratio ~0.77; two carpal bones (ulnare and radiae); metacarpal III to humerus length ratio ~0.33; pubis massive with short shaft; very slender ischium, especially the distal end; tibio-femoral length ratio ~0.60 (McIntosh 1990a, b; Madsen et al., 1995).