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Opalia
Taxonomy
Opalia was named by Adams and Adams (1853) [Sepkoski's age data: T Than-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 914]. It is extant.
It was reranked as Scalaria (Opalia) by Gabb (1864) and Strebel (1905); it was reranked as Scala (Opalia) by Martin (1904); it was reranked as Epitonium (Opalia) by Moody (1916), Oldroyd (1925).
It was assigned to Scala by Martin (1904); to Scalaria by Gabb (1864) and Strebel (1905); to Epitonium by Moody (1916), Oldroyd (1925); to Opaliinae by Sohl (1964); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Allison (1955), Addicott (1970), Moore (1976), DuShane (1979), Wilson (1993), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Squires and Saul (2003), Lima and Christoffersen (2014).
It was reranked as Scalaria (Opalia) by Gabb (1864) and Strebel (1905); it was reranked as Scala (Opalia) by Martin (1904); it was reranked as Epitonium (Opalia) by Moody (1916), Oldroyd (1925).
It was assigned to Scala by Martin (1904); to Scalaria by Gabb (1864) and Strebel (1905); to Epitonium by Moody (1916), Oldroyd (1925); to Opaliinae by Sohl (1964); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Allison (1955), Addicott (1970), Moore (1976), DuShane (1979), Wilson (1993), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Squires and Saul (2003), Lima and Christoffersen (2014).
Species
O. (Contemniscala), O. (Crassiscala), O. (Dentiscala), O. (Granuliscala), O. (Nodiscala) (syn. Funiscala), O. (Opalia), O. (Pliciscala), O. (Rugatiscala), O. atra, O. borealis (syn. Scalaria (Psychrosoma) gouldii, Scalaria wroblewskyi, Scala wroblewskyi, O. chacei), O. cavea, O. crenatoides, O. infrequens (syn. O. tremperi, O. (Dentiscala) mazatlanica, O. bullata, O. (Nodiscala) ordenana), O. mathewsonii, O. montereyensis (syn. O. pluricostata), O. spongiosa (syn. O. retiporosa), O. varicostata (syn. O. (Opalia) varicostata granti, O. anomala), Scala (Opalia) calvertensis, Scala (Opalia) cyclostoma, Scala (Opalia) prunicola, Scala (Opalia) reticulata, Scala (Opalia) thomasi, Scalaria (Opalia) annulata
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1853 | Opalia Adams and Adams p. 223 |
| 1864 | Scalaria (Opalia) Gabb p. 212 |
| 1904 | Scala (Opalia) Martin p. 213 |
| 1905 | Scalaria (Opalia) Strebel |
| 1916 | Epitonium (Opalia) Moody p. 51 |
| 1925 | Epitonium (Opalia) Oldroyd p. 13 |
| 1937 | Opalia Durham p. 500 |
| 1944 | Opalia Durham p. 158 |
| 1955 | Opalia Allison p. 422 |
| 1964 | Opalia Sohl p. 320 |
| 1970 | Opalia Addicott p. 57 |
| 1976 | Opalia Moore p. 30 |
| 1979 | Opalia DuShane p. 121 figs. Figures 60, 61 |
| 1993 | Opalia Wilson p. 280 |
| 2001 | Opalia Todd |
| 2001 | Opalia Wienrich p. 458 |
| 2002 | Opalia Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Opalia Squires and Saul p. 25 |
| 2014 | Opalia Lima and Christoffersen p. 393 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Opalia Adams and Adams 1853
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Subg. †Opalia (Contemniscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. †Opalia (Crassiscala) de Boury 1887
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†Crassiscala subterranea Wrigley 1940
†Opalia (Crassiscala) riachuelanum Maury 1936
Subg. Opalia (Dentiscala) de Boury 1886
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Dentiscala funiculata Carpenter 1857 [scupltured wentletrap]
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Invalid names: Dentiscala crenimarginata Dall 1917 [synonym], Dentiscala nesiotica Dall 1917 [synonym], Opalia crenatoides insculpta Carpenter 1863 [synonym], Opalia insculpta Carpenter 1866 [synonym]
†Epitonium (Dentiscala) insculpta Carpenter 1866
†Opalia (Dentiscala) hertleini Moore 1976
Subg. †Opalia (Granuliscala) de Boury 1909
Subg. Opalia (Nodiscala) De Boury 1890
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†Opalia (Nodiscala) obtusicostata Wood 1842
Invalid names: Funiscala de Boury 1891 [synonym]
Subg. Opalia (Opalia) Adams and Adams 1858
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†Opalia (Opalia) bravinderi Durham 1937
†Opalia (Opalia) rugiferum Dall 1909
†Opalia (Opalia) wishkahensis Durham 1937
Subg. †Opalia (Rugatiscala) de Boury 1913
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†Opalia (Rugatiscala) cowlitzensis Durham 1937
†Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni Anderson and Martin 1914
†Pliciscala (Rugatiscala) levesquei de Boury 1887
†Opalia atra Squires and Saul 2003
Opalia borealis Gould 1852 [boreal wentletrap]
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Invalid names: Opalia chacei Strong 1937 [synonym], Scala wroblewskyi Mörch 1876 [synonym], Scalaria (Psychrosoma) gouldii Tapparone-Canefri 1876 [synonym], Scalaria wroblewskyi Mörch 1875 [synonym]
†Opalia cavea Squires and Saul 2003
Opalia crenatoides Carpenter 1864
Opalia infrequens Adams 1852
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Invalid names: Opalia (Dentiscala) mazatlanica Dall 1908 [synonym], Opalia (Nodiscala) ordenana Lowe 1932 [synonym], Opalia bullata Carpenter 1864 [synonym], Opalia tremperi Bartsch 1927 [synonym]
Opalia mathewsonii Gabb 1864
†Opalia varicostata Stearns 1875
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Invalid names: Opalia (Opalia) varicostata granti Durham 1937 [synonym], Opalia anomala Stearns 1875 [synonym]
†Scala (Opalia) calvertensis Martin 1904
†Scala (Opalia) cyclostoma Gabb 1876
†Scala (Opalia) prunicola Martin 1904
†Scala (Opalia) reticulata Martin 1904
†Scala (Opalia) thomasi Gabb 1876
†Scalaria (Opalia) annulata Morton 1830
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| J. W. Durham 1937 | Shell medium to large, moderately heavy, whorls more or less convex; axially ornamented by strong, more or less heavy ribs; spiral ribs may be present; basal disk usually present, but sometimes obsolete; peristome continuous, outer lip thickened bv last axial rib. | |
| R. L. Squires and L. R. Saul 2003 | Shell solid, whorls joined, and not umbilicate. Axial ribs usually strong, broad, and occasionally angulated or nodulose. Spiral sculpture usually consisting of exceedingly fine incised threads, finely pitted or not. Intritacalx pitted and present on unworn specimens. Basal keel usually present and strong. Basal disk present or absent; transverse ribs absent on base. Operculum thin, cor- neous, paucispiral, and littorinoid in shape (Clench & Turner, 1950; Neville, 2001). |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| References: Kiessling 2004, Beu et al. 1990 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Aptian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 119.57000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 113.2 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 113.2 Ma
Collections (117 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Aptian | Mexico (Baja California) | O. riachuelanum (1890) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (California) | Scalaria mathewsonii (239772) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (California) | O. sp. (1516) | |
| Middle Campanian | USA (California) | O. mathewsonii (185174) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Mexico (Baja California) | O. cavea (190525) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Mexico (Guerrero) | O. sp. A, O. sp. B (7461) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (Texas) | O. sp. (205408 205541) | |
| Danian | Greenland | O. sp. (22943) | |
| Danian | Denmark | O. sp. (176994) | |
| Danian | USA (Texas) | O. tehuacana (205466) | |
| Selandian | Denmark | O. thomseni (35267) | |
| Thanetian | USA (Texas) | Rugatiscala sp. (205530) | |
| Thanetian | Australia (Victoria) | O. sp. (6267 6268) | |
| Ypresian | USA (Texas) | Rugatiscala cooperi (83950 178054) Rugatiscala sp., Rugatiscala cooperi (7788) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Crassiscala subterranea (3266 3268) O. sp. (8025) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Texas) | Rugatiscala cooperi (205520) Rugatiscala sp. (205533) | |
| Lutetian | France (Centre) | O. fratercula, O. pontileviensis, O. schacchi, O. soror (178085) | |
| Lutetian | France | O. plicata (171526) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | O. interrupta (8124) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Alabama) | O. sp. (205489) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Texas) | O. sp. (205422) O. sp., Rugatiscala sp. (205267) Rugatiscala sp. (205484) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | O. rugulosa (42491 52859) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | France (Essonne) | O. bezanconi (9098) | |
| Rupelian | USA (Oregon) | O. hertleini (37700 37826) | |
| Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | O. sp. (68021) | |
| Rupelian | USA (Washington) | O. bravinderi (205215) O. rugifera (39965) | |
| Chattian | Denmark (Jylland) | O. pusilla (9170) | |
| Chattian | Denmark | O. pusilla (111472 111474 111475 234515) | |
| Chattian | USA (Oregon) | O. hertleini (37691) | |
| Chattian | USA (Washington) | O. bravinderi (52356 52362) O. brawinderi (91615) | |
| Chattian | USA (California) | Epitonium rugiferum (11601) | |
| Aquitanian | France | Nodiscala bimonilifera (74861) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Chile | O. rugosa (78522) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | O. pertusa, O. rugatina (62883) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (California) | Epitonium williamsoni (237346) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | O. rugatina, O. sp. (62884) | |
| Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | O. pertusa (62899) | |
| Burdigalian | Chile | O. rugosa (78521) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany | Nodiscala scacchii, O. pertusa (111599) | |
| Langhian | Japan | Nodiscala suzuensis (176558) | |
| Langhian | USA (Oregon) | O. williamsoni (39604 39703 201690) | |
| Middle Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | O. pertusa (62887) O. pertusa, O. rugatina (61896 61897 61903 61905) O. rugatina (61898 61899 61900 61901 62885) | |
| Badenian | Poland (Holy Cross Mountains) | O. scacchii (38823) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Florida) | O. sp. (111204 136943) | |
| Tortonian | Italy | O. grata, O. forestii (178120) | |
| Messinian | Panama (Bocas del Toro) | O. sp. (135816 135821) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | USA (California) | Epitonium varicostata (220183) | |
| Zanclean | Belgium (Antwerp) | O. obtusicostata (179597) | |
| Zanclean | United Kingdom (England) | Scalaria obtusicostata (84755) | |
| Pliocene | USA (California) | O. varicostata (237380) | |
| Zanclean - Gelasian | USA (California) | O. varicostata (214261 214266 214267) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Venezuela | O. pumilio (131210) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Jamaica | O. sp. (69090 69094) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (California) | Epitonium gouldi (200398) O. sp. (214967) O. varicostata (237593) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | Epidonium retiporosa (186031) O. varicostata (189541) | |
| Piacenzian | Italy (Emilia-Romagna) | O. plicosa (178117) | |
| Gelasian | USA (California) | O. varicostata (189555 207664) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | O. deboury (79331) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | USA (California) | O. sp. (202495) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Panama (Bocas) | O. sp. (79871) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Baja California) | O. chacei (96592) | |
| Quaternary | USA (California) | O. wroblewskyi (37933 37940) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | Epitonium chacei (203113) Epitonium wroblewskii (138723) O. chacei (203114) O. montereyensis (202492 203118) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | O. debouryi (67069) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greenland (Disko Island) | Scalaria borealis (227046) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico | O. wroblewskyi (52347 67643) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Epitonium insculptum (96566) Epitonium retiporosum, Epitonium wroblewskyi (59063) O. borealis (222660) O. crenatoides (222659) O. insculpta, O. wroblewskyi (160361) O. wroblewskyi (219029) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Australia (Western Australia) | Granuliscala granosa (63207) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Baja California) | O. insculpta, O. chacei (96591) |