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Spirifer
Taxonomy
Spirifer was named by Sowerby (1818) [Sepkoski's age data: C Tour-u C Bash-l Sepkoski's reference number: 1200]. It is not extant. It is the type genus of Spiriferidae, Spiriferinae.
It was reranked as Delthyris (Spirifer) by von Buch (1831).
It was assigned to Delthyris by von Buch (1831); to Spiriferida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Spiriferinae by Campbell and Engel (1963), Williams et al. (2006).
It was reranked as Delthyris (Spirifer) by von Buch (1831).
It was assigned to Delthyris by von Buch (1831); to Spiriferida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Spiriferinae by Campbell and Engel (1963), Williams et al. (2006).
Species
S. (Lamellispirifer), S. acutiplicatus, S. albertensis, S. argentarius, S. baschkirica, S. battu, S. battus, S. bistritzae, S. brandis, S. brazerianus, S. byrangi, S. cascadensis, S. centronatus, S. chappelensis, S. concentricus, S. crebristria, S. dichotomus, S. distefanii, S. duodecimcostata, S. dvinaensis, S. enderlei (syn. S. acuticostatus), S. engelgardthi, S. fayettevillensis, S. gregeri, S. haydenianus, S. holodnensis, S. incertus, S. increbescens, S. jilinensis, S. liangchowensis, S. lirellus, S. macrus, S. malistanensis, S. mercurii, S. missouriensis, S. munsteri, S. obtusus, S. opimus, S. orthiformis, S. pellaensis, S. pentagonoides, S. pentlandi, S. piassinaensis, S. postventricosus, S. pseudotasmaniensis, S. rakuszi, S. rariplectus, S. rockymontanus, S. schellwieni, S. siculus, S. sol, S. spitiensis, S. spurius, S. striatus, S. subgrandiformis, S. suborbicularis, S. supracarbonicus, S. supramosquensis, S. tareiaensis, S. undata, S. uralicus, S. utahensis, Spirifera annectans, Spirifera convoluta, Spirifera desiderata, Spirifera dubia, Spirifera engelmanni, Spirifera lata, Spirifera neglecta, Spirifera parryana, Spirifera schmidti, Spirifera trigonalis, Spirifera varicosa
Species lacking formal opinion data
S. S. centronatus Winchell, S. S. grimesi Hall, S. acutosinu, S. allatus, S. arkansanus, S. audaculus, S. bifurcatus, S. blasii, S. casteri, S. clathratus, S. contractus, S. convolutus, S. coplowensis, S. crassus, S. crispatus, S. datsanensis, S. distans, S. duplicicostus, S. floydensis, S. forbesi, S. furcatus, S. fusiformis, S. gancaohuensis, S. gortanii, S. grandicostatus, S. greenockensis, S. keokuk, S. kingi, S. konincki, S. louisianensis, S. macrothyris, S. marcyi, S. marionensis, S. matheri, S. mosquensis, S. mundulus, S. occidus, S. opinius, S. osbonei, S. osbornei, S. pellensis, S. planicostus, S. platynotus, S. platynotus, S. raymondi, S. rowleyi, S. shepardi, S. shephardi, S. stratiformis, S. striatiformis, S. subspeciosus, S. sulcatus, S. thetides, S. vanuxemi, S. vernonensis, S. veronensis, S. vespertilio, S. washingtonensis, S. welleri, S. winchelli
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1818 | Spirifer Sowerby |
| 1831 | Delthyris (Spirifer) von Buch |
| 1836 | Spirifera Phillips p. 216 |
| 1963 | Spirifer Campbell and Engel p. 72 |
| 2002 | Spirifer Sepkoski |
| 2006 | Spirifer Williams et al. p. 1769 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Spirifer Sowerby 1818
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Subg. †Spirifer (Lamellispirifer) Nalvkin 1937
†Spirifer acutiplicatus Hayasaka 1933
†Spirifer albertensis Warren 1932
†Spirifer argentarius Meek 1877
†Spirifer baschkirica Tschernyschew 1902
†Spirifer battu Gemmellaro 1899
†Spirifer battus Gemmellaro 1899
†Spirifer bistritzae Schellwien 1900
†Spirifer brandis Klipstein 1843
†Spirifer brazerianus Girty 1927
†Spirifer byrangi Chernyak 1963
†Spirifer cascadensis Warren 1927
†Spirifer centronatus Shimer 1926
†Spirifer chappelensis Carter 1967
†Spirifer concentricus Lee and Su 1980
†Spirifer crebristria Morris 1845
†Spirifer dichotomus Braun 1841
†Spirifer distefanii Gemmellaro 1899
†Spirifer duodecimcostata M'Coy 1847
†Spirifer dvinaensis Licharew 1927
†Spirifer enderlei Tschernyschew 1902
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Invalid names: Spirifer acuticostatus Tschernyschew 1902 [replaced]
†Spirifer engelgardthi Chernyak 1963
†Spirifer fayettevillensis Snider 1915
†Spirifer gregeri Weller 1914
†Spirifer haydenianus Girty 1927
†Spirifer holodnensis Chernyak 1963
†Spirifer incertus Li and Gu 1980
†Spirifer increbescens Hall 1858
†Spirifer jilinensis Li and Gu 1980
†Spirifer liangchowensis Chao 1929
†Spirifer lirellus Cvancara 1958
†Spirifer macrus Hall 1867
†Spirifer malistanensis Plodowski 1968
†Spirifer mercurii Gosselet 1880
†Spirifer missouriensis Swallow 1860
†Spirifer munsteri Davidson 1851
†Spirifer obtusus Gabb 1870
†Spirifer opimus Hall 1858
†Spirifer orthiformis Lepsius 1878
†Spirifer pellaensis Weller 1914
†Spirifer pentagonoides Plodowski 1968
†Spirifer pentlandi d'Orbigny 1842
†Spirifer piassinaensis Chernyak 1963
†Spirifer postventricosus Tschernyschew 1902
†Spirifer pseudotasmaniensis Einor 1939
†Spirifer rakuszi Einor 1946
†Spirifer rariplectus Braun 1841
†Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou 1858
†Spirifer schellwieni Tschernyschew 1902
†Spirifer siculus Gemmellaro 1899
†Spirifer sol Campbell and Engel 1963
†Spirifer spitiensis Stoliczka 1865
†Spirifer spurius Braun 1841
†Spirifer striatus Martin 1809
†Spirifer subgrandiformis Plodowski 1968
†Spirifer suborbicularis Hall 1858
†Spirifer supracarbonicus Tschernyschew 1902
†Spirifer supramosquensis Nikitin 1890
†Spirifer tareiaensis Einor 1939
†Spirifer undata Reed 1944
†Spirifer uralicus Tschernyschew 1902
†Spirifer utahensis Meek 1860
Invalid names: Spirifera Phillips 1836 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
| part | N | mean | minimum | maximum | median | s.d. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shell height | 18 | 14.7 | 6.00 | 27.0 | 15.5 | 6.18 |
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| Source: g = genus, o = order, c = class, p = phylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Nesnidal et al. 2013, Hendy 2009 | |||||
Age range: base of the Richmondian to the top of the Early/Lower Jurassic or 449.60000 to 174.70000 Ma
Collections (824 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Richmondian | Canada (Nunavut) | S. crispus (24187) | |
| Llandovery | USA (New York) | S. sp. (452 459 462 463) | |
| Llandovery - Ludlow | USA (West Virginia) | S. mackenzicus (41085) | |
| Silurian | USA (Alaska) | S. sp. (111791 111794 111816 111819 111820) | |
| Silurian | USA (California) | S. nuda (229254) S. sp. (229251 229257 230235) S. varicosa (229259) | |
| Niagaran | USA (Ohio) | S. sp. (475) | |
| Sheinwoodian | USA (New York) | S. crispus, S. niagarensis, S. sulcatus (81807) S. eudora (82514) S. eudora, S. niagarensis (82502) S. eudora, S. niagarensis, S. repertus, S. sulcatus (81907) S. eudora, S. niagarensis, S. sulcatus (82511) S. niagarensis (81806 82535 82536 82537 82545 82560) S. sulcata (81876) S. sulcatus (82510) | |
| Wenlock | Morocco | S. inchoans (27410) | |
| Wenlock | USA (New York) | S. crispatus, S. niagarensis, S. sulcatus (81920) S. crispatus, S. sulcata (81898) S. crispus, S. niagarensis (81783) S. crispus, S. niagarensis, S. sulcatus (81805) S. niagarensis (81804 81885 81905 81917 81922) S. niagarensis, S. sulcata (81840) S. niagarensis, S. sulcatus (81906) S. repertus (13053) S. sp. (474 541) | |
| Gorstian | Australia (Australian Capital Territory) | S. sp. (25642) | |
Youngest occurrences |
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| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | PBDB collection number |
| Wuchiapingian | Australia (Queensland) | Spirifera convoluta (123248) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Hungary | S. sp. (131451) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Pakistan | S. sp. (125913 126263 126266 126457 126940 127005) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Guangxi) | S. sp. (149218) | |
| Anisian | Germany (Thuringia) | S. sp. (212635) | |
| Julian | Italy | S. rariplectus, S. dichotomus, S. spurius (137429) | |
| Lacian | USA (Nevada) | S. obtusus (33202) | |
| Rhaetian | Italy (Trento) | S. orthiformis (232120) | |
| Early/Lower Jurassic | United Kingdom (Somerset) | Spirifera walcotti (198904) | |
| Early/Lower Jurassic | United Kingdom (England) | Spirifera walcottii (84125) | |