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Orthonema
Taxonomy
Orthonema was named by Meek and Worthen (1862) [Sepkoski's age data: C Tour Tr m Sepkoski's reference number: 786,1066]. It is not extant. It is the type genus of Orthonematidae, Orthonematoidea.
It was assigned to Turritellidae by Knight et al. (1960); to Acanthonematinae by Nützel (1998); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); to Orthonemidae by Nützel and Bandel (2000), Mazaev (2002); to Orthonematinae by Bouchet et al. (2005); and to Orthonematidae by Nützel and Ketwetsuriya (2016).
It was assigned to Turritellidae by Knight et al. (1960); to Acanthonematinae by Nützel (1998); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); to Orthonemidae by Nützel and Bandel (2000), Mazaev (2002); to Orthonematinae by Bouchet et al. (2005); and to Orthonematidae by Nützel and Ketwetsuriya (2016).
Species
O. amissidecoris, O. ascensus, O. borovskensis, O. carbonaria, O. cerithioides, O. cochleoides, O. conspicuum, O. cortum, O. frequens, O. hulusitaiensis, O. illineatus, O. inornatum, O. knighti, O. laluzense, O. liratum, O. marvinwelleri, O. nakazawai, O. nebrascense, O. nonnullum, O. paedice, O. panxianensis, O. paulum, O. paxillus, O. perspicuum, O. pygmaeum, O. rectimurum, O. repandum, O. salteri (syn. O. bilineatum, O. schucherti, O. conica, O. werneri), O. sayrei, O. semiornatum, O. silinae (syn. O. rara), O. simplex, O. socorroense, O. striatonodosum, O. strigatum, O. subtaeniatum, O. telescopiforme, O. tirusum, O. tricingulatum, O. youngianum
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1862 | Orthonema Meek and Worthen |
| 1960 | Orthonema Knight et al. p. 317 |
| 1975 | Geolcomia Licharev p. 115 |
| 1998 | Orthonema Nützel |
| 2000 | Orthonema Nützel and Bandel |
| 2002 | Orthonema Mazaev p. 97 |
| 2002 | Geolcomia Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Orthonema Sepkoski |
| 2005 | Orthonema Bouchet et al. pp. 121, 247 |
| 2016 | Orthonema Nützel and Ketwetsuriya p. 505 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Orthonema Meek and Worthen 1862
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†Orthonema amissidecoris Anderson et al. 1985
†Orthonema ascensus Anderson et al. 1985
†Orthonema borovskensis Mazaev 2002
†Orthonema carbonaria Worthen 1884
†Orthonema cerithioides Mansuy 1913
†Orthonema cochleoides Yin 1932
†Orthonema conspicuum Mazaev 2019
†Orthonema cortum Kues 2004
†Orthonema frequens Licharew 1968
†Orthonema hulusitaiensis Pan 1997
†Orthonema illineatus Erwin 1988
†Orthonema inornatum Knight 1934
†Orthonema knighti Batten 1985
†Orthonema laluzense Kues 2004
†Orthonema liratum Sayre 1930
†Orthonema marvinwelleri Knight 1934
†Orthonema nakazawai Batten 1985
†Orthonema nebrascense Geinitz 1866
†Orthonema nonnullum Mazaev 2019
†Orthonema paedice Erwin 1988
†Orthonema panxianensis Yu 1974
†Orthonema paulum Mazaev 2002
†Orthonema paxillus Erwin 1988
†Orthonema perspicuum Mazaev 2019
†Orthonema pygmaeum Donald 1889
†Orthonema rectimurum Batten 1985
†Orthonema repandum Mazaev 2019
†Orthonema salteri Meek and Worthen 1860
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Invalid names: Orthonema bilineatum Mark 1912 [synonym], Orthonema conica Meek and Worthen 1867 [synonym], Orthonema schucherti Knight 1934 [synonym], Orthonema werneri Knight 1934 [synonym]
†Orthonema sayrei Knight 1934
†Orthonema semiornatum Anderson et al. 1985
†Orthonema simplex Mazaev 2002
†Orthonema socorroense Girty 1909
†Orthonema striatonodosum Chronic 1952
†Orthonema strigatum Warthin 1930
†Orthonema subtaeniatum Geinitz 1866
†Orthonema telescopiforme Erwin 1988
†Orthonema tirusum Batten 1985
†Orthonema tricingulatum Erwin 1988
†Orthonema youngianum Donald 1889
Invalid names: Geolcomia Licharev 1975 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| A. V. Mazaev 2002 | Shell high-spired, anomphalous. Protoconch conical, of I or 2 smooth rounded whorls. Juvenile whorls nearly rounded or almost straight, ornamented usually with 3 or up to 6 spiral lirae with equal interspaces between them. Adult whorls barrel-like, with distinct shoulder and variously developed basal angulation. Subsutural shelf narrow. Whorl face parallel to shell axis, straight, slightly convex or concave. Shell surface ornamented with 4 main spiral lirae with equal interspaces between them, or grouped in upper and lower pairs. Additional weak spiral lira may be placed between first and second spiral lirae. Basal side slightly rounded, smooth or ornamented by fourth main lira. The wowth ~ines fi~e, with variously developed labral s~nus; wltho~t smus orthocline, with well developed smus. extendmg prosoclinally on subsutural ramp, ~ormmg lunulae between first and second main spiral lirae, below the second main lira extending opisthoclinally across remainder whorl. |
Measurements
| part | N | mean | minimum | maximum | median | s.d. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shell height | 38 | 10.3 | 4.20 | 28.0 | 10.1 | 5.04 | |
| shell diameter | 38 | 3.98 | 2.30 | 9.00 | 3.75 | 1.62 |
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| Source: c = class | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2004 | |||||
Age range: base of the Brigantian to the top of the Changhsingian or 335.90000 to 251.90200 Ma
Collections (105 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brigantian | Morocco | O. sp. (61438) | |
| Morrowan | USA (Wyoming) | O. sp. (5713 5724) | |
| Morrowan | USA (Texas) | O. salteri (79966) | |
| Bashkirian | China (Nei Mongol) | O. hulusitaiensis (673) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Missouri) | O. inornatum (69773) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Kentucky) | O. sp. (195795) | |
| Kashirian - Myachkovian | USA (New Mexico) | O. n. spp., O. inornatum, O. salteri (46548) | |
| Desmoinesian | USA (Missouri) | O. inornatum (70482) O. inornatum, O. werneri, O. marvinwelleri (69770) | |
| Desmoinesian | USA (Texas) | O. sp. (216619) | |
| Desmoinesian | USA (New Mexico) | O. sp. 1, O. sp. 3, O. sp. 4, O. amissidecoris, O. ascensus, O. inornatum, O. semiornatum, O. telescopiforme, O. salteri, O. subtaeniatum, O. conicum (46536) | |
| Myachkovian | Russian Federation (Chelyabinskaya) | Geolcomia rara, Goniasma silinae (156080) | |
| Myachkovian | Russian Federation (Moscow) | O. cochleoides (155818) O. marvinwelleri (156078) O. marvinwelleri, O. cochleoides (155822) | |
| Missourian | USA (Texas) | O. sp. 1, O. sp. 2 (217916) O. sp. 1, O. sp. 2, O. sp., O. salteri (217917) | |
| Missourian | USA (Ohio) | O. subtaeniatum (69721) | |
| Missourian | USA (Oklahoma) | O. sp. (155) | |
| Dorogomilovian | Russian Federation (Moscow) | O. frequens (155816) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (New Mexico) | O. laluzense (156716) | |
| Virgilian | USA (Ohio) | O. bilineatum (71993) | |
| Virgilian | USA (Texas) | O. salteri (218000) O. sp. (217908 217915) | |
| Virgilian | USA (Nebraska) | Murchisonia nebrascensis, Murchisonia subtaeniata (157668) | |
| Virgilian | USA (New Mexico) | O. laluzense (156715) O. sp. (156687) O. sp. 2, O. sp. 1 (146828) O. sp., O. laluzense (156695) O. sp., O. laluzense, O. cortum (156709) | |
| Gzhelian - Asselian | China (Hopei) | Solenospira cochleoides (149177) | |
| Rusavkinian | Russian Federation (Vladimir) | O. cochleoides (155903) | |
| Rusavkinian | Russian Federation (Moscow) | O. cochleoides, O. simplex (155803) | |
| Asselian | Kyrgyzstan | O. frequens (95754) | |
| Asselian | Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) | O. frequens (204134) O. frequens, O. repandum (220885) O. sp. 1, O. frequens, O. nonnullum (202159) | |
| Asselian - Sakmarian | Peru (Ayacucho) | O. sp. (41371) | |
| Sakmarian | USA (Texas) | O. telescopiforme (101780) | |
| Sakmarian | Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) | O. perspicuum, O. conspicuum (220898) | |
| Sakmarian | Russian Federation | O. frequens (205219 217206) | |
| Artinskian | USA (Texas) | O. paxillus (101772) | |
| Artinskian | USA (New Mexico) | O. illineatus (101795) O. tricingulatum (101771 101797) | |
| Artinskian | USA (Nevada) | O. sp. (66102 66104) O. spp. (39157) | |
| Pavlovoposadian | Russian Federation (Moscow) | O. frequens (155899) | |
| Leonardian | USA (Utah) | O. socorroense (11272) | |
| Kungurian | Mexico (Sonora) | O. sp. (52097) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Nevada) | O. sp. (38751 38753 38756 38759 38764 38766 38768 38769 38774 38775 38827 38828 66101) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Texas) | O. paedice (43609) O. striatonodosum (81592) | |
| Kungurian | Venezuela (Merida) | O. sp. (41507 41509 41510 41511 41512 41514 41515 41516 41517) | |
| Kungurian | Malaysia (Perak) | O. rectimurum, O. nakazawai, O. tirusum, O. knighti (62131) | |
| Kungurian | USA (New Mexico) | O. sp. a, O. socorroense (233342) | |
| Roadian | USA (Wyoming) | O. sp. (61938) | |
| Roadian | USA (Arizona) | O. sp. (94884 101778) O. sp. 1, O. striatonodosum (40001) O. sp. 2, O. striatonodosum (39999) | |
| Wordian | USA (Wyoming) | O. sp. (61949) | |
| Wordian | Thailand | O. sp. (181783) | |
| Wordian - Capitanian | Cambodia | O. cerithioides (233582) | |
| Capitanian | Japan | O. sp. 1, O. sp. 2 (109667) | |
| Wuchiapingian | China (Guangxi) | O. sp. (50022 50025 50026 50027) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Pakistan | O. sp. (126264) | |
| Wuchiapingian | USA (Wyoming) | O. sp. (61936 61948 61951 61952) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Greece | O. sp. (64171 64172 64173 64174 64175) | |
| Lopingian | USA (Wyoming) | O. sp. (236337) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Guizhou) | O. panxianensis (98029) |