PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Scalina

Gastropoda - Epitoniidae

Taxonomy

Scalina was named by Conrad (1865) [Sepkoski's age data: T Dani R Sepkoski's reference number: 700]. It is extant. Its type is Scalaria staminea.

It was reranked as Amaea (Scalina) by DuShane and McLean (1968), DuShane (1979), Hickman (1980), Dushane (1988).

It was assigned to Amaea by DuShane and McLean (1968), DuShane (1979), Hickman (1980), Dushane (1988); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Gardner (1947), Olsson (1967), Addicott (1970), Perrilliat (1992), Todd (2001), DeVries (2007), Landau and Marques da Silva (2010).

Species lacking formal opinion data

Amaea dickersoni, Amaea macula, S. eigandi, S. menthafontis, S. trapaquara

Synonyms

Ferminoscala was named by Dall (1908). It is extant. Its type is Epitonium (Ferminoscala) ferminianum.

It was reranked as Acrilla (Ferminoscala) by Durham (1937), Turner (1938), Durham (1944), Eames (1952), Zinsmeister (1983), Oleinik and Marincovich (2003); it was reranked as Epitonium (Ferminoscala) by Pilsbry and Olsson (1941); it was synonymized subjectively with Scalina by Olsson (1967), Dushane (1988), DeVries (2007).

It was assigned to Epitonium by Pilsbry and Olsson (1941); and to Acrilla by Durham (1937), Turner (1938), Durham (1944), Eames (1952), Zinsmeister (1983), Oleinik and Marincovich (2003).
Elegantiscala was named by deBoury (1911) [Sepkoski's age data: T Eo-m-l R]. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Scalina by Dushane (1988).

It was assigned to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1865	Scalina Conrad
1908	Ferminoscala Dall p. 316
1911	Elegantiscala deBoury
1937	Acrilla (Ferminoscala) Durham p. 506
1938	Acrilla (Ferminoscala) Turner p. 80
1941	Epitonium (Ferminoscala) Pilsbry and Olsson p. 8
1944	Acrilla (Ferminoscala) Durham p. 158
1947	Scalina Gardner p. 577
1952	Acrilla (Ferminoscala) Eames p. 52
1967	Scalina Olsson p. 41
1968	Amaea (Scalina) DuShane and McLean p. 4
1970	Scalina Addicott p. 56
1979	Amaea (Scalina) DuShane p. 97
1980	Amaea (Scalina) Hickman p. 31
1983	Acrilla (Ferminoscala) Zinsmeister p. 1291
1988	Amaea (Scalina) Dushane p. 52
1992	Scalina Perrilliat p. 23
2001	Scalina Todd
2002	Elegantiscala Sepkoski
2002	Scalina Sepkoski
2003	Acrilla (Ferminoscala) Oleinik and Marincovich Jr p. 40
2007	Scalina DeVries p. 233
2010	Scalina Landau and Marques da Silva p. 61

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa

Rank	Name	Author
phylum	Mollusca
class	Gastropoda
subclass	Caenogastropoda	(Cox 1959)
superfamily	Epitonioidea	(Berry 1910)
family	Epitoniidae	Berry 1910
genus	Scalina	Conrad 1865

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Scalina Conrad 1865

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†Amaea (Scalina) edwilsoni DuShane 1977

†Scalina belti DeVries 2007

†Scalina boylae Olsson 1967

†Scalina brophyi DeVries 2007

Scalina brunneopicta Dall 1908

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Invalid names: Epitonium (Ferminoscala) eleutherium Pilsbry and Olsson 1941 [synonym]

†Scalina cheneyi DeVries 2007

Scalina deroyae DuShane 1970

Scalina ferminiana Dall 1908

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Invalid names: Epitonium (Ferminoscala) manabianum Pilsbry and Olsson 1941 [synonym], Scala (Acrilla) wiegandi Böse 1910 [synonym], Scala weigandi Böse 1910 [synonym]

†Scalina foosei DeVries 2007

†Scalina gardnerae Olsson 1967

†Scalina isaacsoni DeVries 2007

†Scalina kendacensis Jung 1971

Scalina mitchelli Dall 1896

†Scalina pseudoleroyi Maury 1925

Scalina retifera Dall 1889

†Scalina staminea Conrad 1865

Scalina tehuanarum DuShane and McLean 1968

†Scalina trigintanaria Conrad 1848

†Scalina waynensis Mansfield 1940

†Scalina whitei Keen 1943

Invalid names: Elegantiscala deBoury 1911 [synonym], Ferminoscala Dall 1908 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
J. W. Durham 1937 (Acrilla (Ferminoscala))	Shell relatively large, turritelloid; axially ornamented by numerous fine thread-like varices; spiral ribs about as prominent as axial varices; basal disk present, axial varices passing over it to the peristome, spiral ribs also present on basal disk; aperture ovate, anterior auricle present. Living in Gulf of Mexico and on Pacific Coast in subtropical conditions.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitef

Composition 2:

low Mg calcitef

Locomotion:

slow-movingf

Life habit:

low-level epifaunalf

Diet:

carnivoref

Vision:

limitedc

Created:

2007-02-05 23:13:43

Modified:

2011-09-22 17:20:39

Source: f = family, c = class

References: Beu et al. 1990, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Piacenzian or 72.20000 to 2.58000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (163 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	S. sp. (205541)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	USA (Texas)	S. dolosa (91893 98701 205260)
Danian - Selandian	66.0 - 59.24	USA (Texas)	S. dolosa (98727)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	USA (California)	Acrilla berthiaumei (190776)
Thanetian	59.24 - 56.0	USA (California)	Acrilla durhami (205394)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	USA (California)	Acrilla tejonensis (122337) Epitonium tejonensis (122656)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Pakistan	Acrilla pakistanica (183911)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	USA (Texas)	Amaea macula (205520 205521 205533) S. sp. (205496) S. trapaquara (90651)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	USA (Alabama)	S. trapaquara (81224)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (California)	Ferminoscala sp. (194185)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Texas)	S. trapaquara (91124)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Oregon)	Acrilla aragoensis (200863 200866 200868 201047 201050)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Washington)	Acrilla aragoensis (203164) Acrilla berthiaumei (52204 52205 52206)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Mississippi)	S. sp. (99671) S. trapaquara (2444 90709 205508)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Louisiana)	S. staminea (205501)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	Pakistan	Acrilla pakistanica (183819 183853)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Texas)	S. sp. (205480 205483 205484) S. staminea (205515) S. trapaquara (90454 205410 205414 205415 205422 205430 205433 205485)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Alabama)	S. sp., S. staminea (205489) S. staminea (90600) S. trapaquara (2421)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (South Carolina)	S. trapaquara (92378)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Peru	S. foosei (41616 80547)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	USA (Washington)	Epitonium washingtonensis (4900)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	USA (California)	Acrilla dickersoni (71174)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Panama	S. sp. (42534 42537)
Priabonian	37.71 - 33.9	USA (South Carolina)	S. sp. (32908)
Priabonian	37.71 - 33.9	USA (Washington)	Acrilla becki (91606 91607) Acrilla berthiaumei (202067) Acrilla dickersoni (40733)
Priabonian	37.71 - 33.9	USA (Oregon)	Acrilla becki (38995 39034) Acrilla dickersoni (38935 38941 38991 39000) Acrilla dickersoni, Acrilla becki (38940 38992 39002 39003 39004) Amaea dickersoni (40199)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Mexico (Nuevo Leon)	S. trigintanaria (43070 43082)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	USA (Mississippi)	S. rubricollis (5501 5612 74077) S. spp. (66310 66311 66312 66313 66316 66330) S. trigintanaria (6005 177590) S. waynensis (169205)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	USA (North Carolina)	S. menthafontis (4880)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	USA (Alabama)	S. trigintanaria (205831)
Early/Lower Oligocene - Late/Upper Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	USA (Alaska)	Epitonium atwoodi (44112)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	USA (Alaska)	Epitonium atwoodi (44082 44104 44108 44116 44117)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia)	Amaea subreticula (62882 62883)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Grenada	S. kendacensis (58644 58730)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Mexico (Tamaulipas)	S. escandoni (43074)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene	23.04 - 11.63	Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia)	Amaea subreticula (62884)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia)	Amaea subreticula (62899 62929)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Germany	Amaea subreticulata (111599)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Grenada	S. kendacensis (58646)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Venezuela (Falcon)	S. pseudoleroyi (60144)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Peru	S. belti (80549) S. brophyi (80548)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	USA (California)	Ferminoscala whitei, Ferminoscala durhami (206393)
Langhian - Serravallian	15.98 - 11.63	Netherlands	Amaea subreticulata (186883)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Peru	S. isaacsoni (80442)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Mexico (Michoacan)	S. sp. (66164)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Grenada	S. kendacensis (58667)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia)	Amaea subreticula (61896 61897 61898 61899 61900 61902 61903 61904 61905 61906 61907 62885 62886 62887 62889)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Panama	S. brunneopicta (93051) S. pseudoleroyi (93062 93174)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Panama (Colon)	S. pseudoleroyi (145341)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Mexico (Veracruz)	Scala retifera (59282)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Peru	S. cheneyi (80447 80550)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Panama (Bocas del Toro)	S. sp. (135816)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Panama	S. eigandi (60699 60700 60702)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Ecuador	Amaea ferminiana (41757) S. ferminiana (131293 131333)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Ecuador (Manabi)	S. ferminiana (60771 60772)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Panama (Bocas)	S. sp. (135832)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Panama (Bocas del Toro)	Amaea sp. (79982)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Peru	S. cheneyi (80469)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Costa Rica	Epitonium ferminianum (66790)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	USA (California)	Amaea edwilsoni (239469 239580)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	Venezuela	S. brunneopicta (79710) S. sp. (131218 131363)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	Peru	Amaea ferminiana (97648) S. ferminiana (80545 80546)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	Jamaica	Ferminoscala spathae, Ferminoscala pseudoleroyi (58522)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Panama (Bocas del Toro)	Amaea sp. (61339 61340)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Panama (Bocas)	Amaea sp. (79794 79999)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Ecuador (Manabi)	Epitonium eleutherium, Epitonium manabianum (51880)
Piacenzian - Gelasian	3.6 - 1.8	Ecuador (Manabi)	Epitonium manabianum (51878)