PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Paraptenodytes robustus

Osteichthyes - Spheniscidae

Taxonomy

Palaeospheniscus robustus was named by Ameghino (1894). It is not extant.

It was recombined as Perispheniscus robustus by Brodkorb (1963); it was recombined as Paraptenodytes robustus by Simpson (1972), Acosta Hospitaleche (2005), Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi (2008), Tambussi et al. (2023).

Synonyms

Treleudytes crassa was named by Ameghino (1905).

It was corrected as Treleudytes crassus by Simpson (1946); it was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes robustus by Simpson (1972).
Paraptenodytes curtus was named by Ameghino (1901).

It was recombined as Metancylornis curtus by Ameghino (1905), Lambrecht (1933), Simpson (1946); it was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes robustus by Simpson (1972).
Isotremornis nordenskjoldi was named by Ameghino (1905).

It was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes antarcticus by Simpson (1972); it was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes robustus by Acosta Hospitaleche (2005).
Paraptenodytes grandis was named by Ameghino (1901).

It was recombined as Arthrodytes grandis by Ameghino (1905), Lambrecht (1933), Simpson (1946), Brodkorb (1963), Simpson (1972); it was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes robustus by Acosta Hospitaleche (2005).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1894	Palaeospheniscus robustus Ameghino
1901	Paraptenodytes curtus Ameghino p. 81
1901	Paraptenodytes grandis Ameghino p. 81
1905	Palaeospheniscus robustus Ameghino p. 105
1905	Metancylornis curtus Ameghino p. 129
1905	Isotremornis nordenskjoldi Ameghino p. 134 figs. Plate 4, Fig. 28
1905	Arthrodytes grandis Ameghino p. 144
1905	Treleudytes crassa Ameghino p. 156
1933	Palaeospheniscus robustus Lambrecht p. 227
1933	Metancylornis curtus Lambrecht p. 231
1933	Isotremornis nordenskjoldi Lambrecht p. 232
1933	Arthrodytes grandis Lambrecht p. 233
1933	Treleudytes crassa Lambrecht p. 235
1946	Palaeospheniscus robustus Simpson p. 28
1946	Treleudytes crassus Simpson p. 31
1946	Metancylornis curtus Simpson p. 32
1946	Arthrodytes grandis Simpson p. 34
1963	Arthrodytes grandis Brodkorb p. 235
1963	Perispheniscus robustus Brodkorb p. 237
1963	Isotremornis nordenskjoldi Brodkorb p. 239
1963	Paraptenodytes curtus Brodkorb p. 239
1972	Paraptenodytes robustus Simpson p. 22
1972	Arthrodytes grandis Simpson p. 26
2005	Paraptenodytes robustus Acosta Hospitaleche p. 408
2008	Paraptenodytes robustus Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi p. 120
2023	Paraptenodytes robustus Tambussi et al. p. 273

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986

Rank	Name	Author
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Saurischia	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Paraves
class	Aves
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
—	Aequornithes
—	Feraequornithes
superorder	Procellariimorphae
—	Sphenisciformes	(Sharpe 1891)
family	Spheniscidae	Bonaparte 1831
genus	Paraptenodytes
species	robustus	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Paraptenodytes robustus Ameghino 1894

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Invalid names: Arthrodytes grandis Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotremornis nordenskjoldi Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Paraptenodytes crassus Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Paraptenodytes curtus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
C. Acosta Hospitaleche and C. Tambussi 2008	The preservation state of the material does not allow to base a diagnosis on the tarsometatarsus. Nevertheless, the size of its humerus makes possible to dif- ferentiate it from P. antarcticus. Humerus. Robust but small, whereas it is slender and more elongate in P. antarcticus. The diaphysis is wide and the proximal epyphysis is proportionally larger than in P. antarcticus. The fossa tricipitalis is a little larger than in P. antarcticus.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2017-04-17 10:40:01

Modified:

2017-04-17 10:40:01

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Kiessling 2004, Marsh 1875, Benton 1983, Bush and Bambach 2015

Age range: base of the Aquitanian to the top of the Burdigalian or 23.04000 to 15.98000 Ma

Collections (2 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Aquitanian	23.04 - 20.45	Argentina	Metancylornis curtus, Isotremornis nordenskjoldi, Arthrodytes grandis (45887)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Argentina (Chubut)	Palaeospheniscus robustus, Treleudytes crassus (47303)