Basic info Taxonomic history Classification Included Taxa
Morphology Ecology and taphonomy External Literature Search Age range and collections

Toxostoma (American thrashers)

Osteichthyes - Passeriformes - Mimidae

Taxonomy
Toxostoma was named by Wagler (1831). It is extant. It was considered unknown by Emslie (1998).

It was assigned to Mimidae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Emslie (1998), Clements et al. (2017).

Species
T. bendirei, T. redivivum, T. rufum
Species lacking formal opinion data
T. dendirei, T. redividum

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1831Toxostoma Wagler
1940Toxostoma Wetmore p. 74
1956Toxostoma Wetmore p. 94
1998Toxostoma Emslie
2017Toxostoma Clements et al.

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
RankNameAuthor
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Saurischia()
—Theropoda()
—Neotheropoda
—AverostraPaul 2002
—Tetanurae
—Coelurosauria()
—Maniraptora
—Paraves
classAves
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
—Neognathae(Pycraft 1900)
orderPasseriformesLinnaeus 1758
familyMimidaeBonaparte 1853
genusToxostomaWagler 1831

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Toxostoma Wagler 1831 [American thrashers]
show all | hide all
Toxostoma bendirei Coues 1873
Toxostoma redivivum Gambel 1845 [California thrasher]
Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 [brown thrasher]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yeso
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: terrestrialf
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: volantf
Diet: insectivoref
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2009-01-03 17:40:50
Modified: 2009-01-03 19:40:50
Source: f = family, o = order
References: Marsh 1875, Lein 1972, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Irvingtonian to the top of the Rancholabrean or 1.40000 to 0.01400 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 0.21 Ma

Collections (9 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Irvingtonian1.4 - 0.21USA (Florida) Toxostoma rufum (20385)
Rancholabrean0.21 - 0.014USA (California) Toxostoma redivivum (152008)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Toxostoma rufum (20595)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Toxostoma rufum (82258 103991)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Toxostoma dendirei (44954) Toxostoma redividum (190077) Toxostoma redivivum (176267 236636)