PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Crenella

Bivalvia - Mytilida - Crenellidae

Taxonomy

Crenella was named by Brown (1827) [Sepkoski's age data: K Apti-u R]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Procerithiinae by Stilwell (1998); to Mytiloida by Sepkoski (2002); to Crenellinae by Moore (1976), Dockery (1982), Moore (1983), Spencer et al. (2004); to Mytilidae by Glenn (1904), Nagao (1928), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Grant (1972), Vokes (1980), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Todd (2001), Mikkelsen (2006); and to Crenellidae by Bouchet et al. (2010), Hickman (2023).

Species lacking formal opinion data

C. aemilianus, C. bella, C. bonei, C. diuturna, C. ecuadoriana, C. faba, C. gastellovi, C. gemma, C. gyliakina, C. isocardoides, C. laevigata, C. minuscula, C. mitchelli, C. nigra, C. noyamiana, C. orbicularis, C. senica, C. sphaericula, C. stantoni, C. subcircularis, C. tenuis

Synonyms

Hippagus was named by Lea (1833). Its type is Hippagus isocardioides.

It was synonymized subjectively with Crenella by Cox et al. (1969).

It was assigned to Bivalvia by Wood (1850).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1827	Crenella Brown p. 75
1833	Hippagus Lea
1850	Hippagus Wood p. 149
1904	Crenella Glenn p. 364
1928	Crenella Nagao p. 46
1944	Crenella Durham p. 140
1972	Crenella Hertlein and Grant p. 170
1976	Crenella Moore p. 45
1980	Crenella Vokes p. 24
1982	Crenella Dockery p. 39
1983	Crenella Moore p. A71
1987	Crenella Ward and Blackwelder p. 129
1998	Crenella Stilwell p. 35
2001	Crenella Todd
2002	Crenella Sepkoski
2004	Crenella Spencer et al.
2006	Crenella Mikkelsen
2010	Crenella Bouchet et al.
2023	Crenella Hickman p. 4

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Pteriomorphia	(Beurlen 1944)
—	Mytilomorphi	Ferussac 1822
order	Mytilida	(Rafinesque 1815)
superfamily	Mytiloidea	Rafinesque 1815
family	Crenellidae	Gray 1840
genus	Crenella	Brown 1827

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Crenella Brown 1827

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†Crenella cocentrica Gabb 1864

†Crenella decussata Montagu 1808 [cross-sculpture crenella]

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Crenella divaricata camaronesia Ihering 1907

Invalid names: Crenella divaricata d'Orbigny 1853 [synonym], Crenella ecuadoriana Pilsbry and Olsson 1941 [synonym]

†Crenella elegantula Meek and Hayden 1862

Crenella elliptica Brown 1827

†Crenella fenestra Dockery 1982

Crenella glandula Totten 1834

†Crenella gubernatoria Glenn 1904

†Crenella inflata Muller 1847

Crenella inflata Carpenter 1864

†Crenella isocardioides Lea 1833

†Crenella kannoi Marincovich, Jr. 1993

†Crenella latifrons Conrad 1860

†Crenella maylandensis Russell and Landes 1937

†Crenella porterensis Weaver 1916

†Crenella santana Cooper 1894

†Crenella serica Conrad 1860

†Crenella striatocostata Nagao 1928

†Crenella subfornicata Nagao 1928

†Crenella virida Glenn 1904

†Crenella washingtonensis Weaver 1916

Invalid names: Hippagus Lea 1833 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragoniteo

Composition 2:

low Mg calciteo

Locomotion:

stationaryg

Attached:

yesg

Life habit:

epifaunalg

Diet:

suspension feederg

Vision:

blindc

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: EP, SE, BA, SU according to Todd (2001).g

Created:

2009-08-18 17:41:44

Modified:

2009-08-19 00:41:44

Source: g = genus, o = order, c = class

References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Aptian to the top of the Holocene or 121.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 119.57 Ma

Collections (428 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Early/Lower Aptian	121.4 - 119.57	United Kingdom (England)	C. bella (235315 278536)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	United Kingdom (England)	C. bella, C. orbicularis (6280)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Japan (Kumamoto)	C. gyliakina (39638)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Japan (Ishikari)	C. gyliakina (39578)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (Texas)	C. subcircularis (6604)
Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Japan (Ishikari)	C. gyliakina (39577)
Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Japan (Kumamoto)	C. gyliakina (40211)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	New Zealand (South Island)	C. sp. (101382)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (North Carolina)	C. mitchelli (7625 7626 7627) C. sp. (87677)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Mississippi)	C. serica (6660)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Colorado)	C. sp. (162249)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Texas)	C. sp. (7502)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Delaware)	C. serica (6156)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Tennessee)	C. elegantula, C. serica (88357)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	C. elegantula (82638 82641)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	C. maylandensis (82681)
Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	New Zealand (Chatham Islands)	C. sp. (3642)
Haumurian	83.6 - 66.0	New Zealand (Canterbury)	C. sp. (101408 101409)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	C. sp. (1586 1588)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	C. elegantula (4238 4245 4251 4255 4270) C. elegantula, C. serica (4283 4285 4329 4330) C. serica (4240 4246 4248 4249 4250 4259 4260 4262 4264 4272 4275 4276 4286 4323 4328 4331 4332)