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Crotalidae (pit viper)
Taxonomy
Crotalinae was named by Oppel (1811). It is extant.
It was reranked as the family Crotalidae by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Zittel (1890), Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Olson (1940) and Kuhn (1966); it was reranked as the tribe Crotalinae by Perrier (1928).
It was assigned to Solenoglypha by Cope (1871) and Cope (1875); to Serpentes by Hay (1902); to Serpentes by Hay (1930); to Ophidia by Zittel (1890) and Olson (1940); to Colubroidea by Kuhn (1966); and to Viperidae by Oppel (1811), Gadow (1898), Perrier (1928), Kuhn (1946), Rage (1984), Parmley and Holman (2007), Parmley and Hunter (2010) and Ikeda et al. (2016).
It was reranked as the family Crotalidae by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Zittel (1890), Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Olson (1940) and Kuhn (1966); it was reranked as the tribe Crotalinae by Perrier (1928).
It was assigned to Solenoglypha by Cope (1871) and Cope (1875); to Serpentes by Hay (1902); to Serpentes by Hay (1930); to Ophidia by Zittel (1890) and Olson (1940); to Colubroidea by Kuhn (1966); and to Viperidae by Oppel (1811), Gadow (1898), Perrier (1928), Kuhn (1946), Rage (1984), Parmley and Holman (2007), Parmley and Hunter (2010) and Ikeda et al. (2016).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1811 | Crotalinae Oppel |
| 1871 | Crotalidae Cope p. 238 |
| 1875 | Crotalidae Cope p. 23 |
| 1890 | Crotalidae Zittel p. 631 |
| 1898 | Crotalinae Gadow p. 29 |
| 1902 | Crotalidae Hay p. 480 |
| 1928 | Crotalinae Perrier p. 3110 |
| 1930 | Crotalidae Hay p. 270 |
| 1940 | Crotalidae Olson p. 41 |
| 1946 | Crotalinae Kuhn p. 62 |
| 1966 | Crotalidae Kuhn p. 68 |
| 1984 | Crotalinae Rage p. 56 |
| 2007 | Crotalinae Parmley and Holman p. 141 |
| 2010 | Crotalinae Parmley and Hunter p. 538 |
| 2016 | Crotalinae Ikeda et al. p. 153 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Crotalidae Oppel 1811 [pit viper]
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G. Aploaspis Cope 1867
G. Caudisonia Laurenti 1768
G. Crotalus Linnaeus 1758 [rattlesnake]
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Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois 1799 [eastern diamondback rattlesnake]
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Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois 1799
†Crotalus adamanteus pleistofloridensis Brattstrom 1954
Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard 1853
Crotalus giganteus Brattstrom 1954
Crotalus horridus Linnaeus 1758 [timber rattlesnake]
Crotalus lepidus Kennicott 1861 [rock rattlesnake]
Crotalus viridis Rafinesque 1818 [prairie rattlesnake]
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Invalid names: Crotalus potterensis Brattstrom 1953 [synonym]
G. Gloydius Hoge and Hoge 1981
G. †Protagras Cope 1872
G. Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge 1983
G. Trimeresurus Lacépède 1804 [pitviper]
Subfm. Viperinae Oppel 1811
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G. Bitis Gray 1842 [puff adder]
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Bitis arietans Merrem 1820
†Bitis olduvaiensis Rage 1973
Invalid names: Clotho Gray 1842 [synonym]
G. Vipera Laurenti 1768
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Subg. †Vipera (Macrovipera) Reuss 1927
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†Macrovipera gedulyi Bolkay 1913
†Vipera (Macrovipera) sarmatica Chkhikvadse and Lungu 1987
†Vipera (Macrovipera) ukrainica Zerova 1992
Subg. Vipera (Vipera) Laurenti 1768
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Vipera (Vipera) ammodytes Linnaeus 1758 [sand viper]
Vipera (Vipera) aspis Linnaeus 1758 [asp viper]
†Vipera (Vipera) meotica Zerova 1992
†Vipera antiqua Szyndlar 1987
†Vipera burgenlandica Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1987
Vipera latastei Boscà 1878
†Vipera maghrebiana Rage 1976
†Vipera maxima Szyndlar 1988
†Vipera natiensis Bailon et al. 2002
†Vipera platyspondyla Szyndlar 1987
Invalid names: Coluber kargii von Meyer 1845 [nomen dubium], Vipera sansaniensis Lartet 1851 [nomen nudum]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. Perrier 1928 | De chaque côté, entre la narine et l'œil, une fossette ne communiquant ni avec le nez, ni avec l'œil. Maxillaire fortement excavé à son angle supéro-postérieur. Tête grosse et complètement couverte d'écaillés. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MN 1 to the top of the Holocene or 23.03000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 22.4 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 22.4 Ma
Collections (262 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| MN 1 | Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) | Vipera antiqua (69617) | |
| Aquitanian | France (Auvergne) | Vipera sp. (125333) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Kazakhstan (East Kasakhstan) | Vipera sp., Pelias sp. (167805) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | Vipera sp. (136269) | |
| MN 2 | Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) | Vipera sp. (167464) | |
| MN 2 | France (Aquitaine) | Vipera sp. (136755) | |
| MN 2 | France (Languedoc-Roussillon) | Vipera sp. (136758) | |
| MN 2 | France (Auvergne) | Vipera sp. (136762) | |
| Burdigalian | Japan (Gifu) | Trimeresurus sp. (46950) | |
| Burdigalian | Portugal (Lisbon) | Vipera sp. (35985) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Delaware) | Crotalinae indet. (18579) | |
| Burdigalian | Italy (Sardinia) | Vipera sp. (138825) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Vipera sp. (69098) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Wyoming) | Crotalinae indet. (19079) | |
| MN 3 | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Vipera sp. (69179) | |
| Orleanian | Czech Republic (Moravia) | Vipera sp. ("oriental vipers" group) (190142) Vipera sp. ("oriental vipers" group), Vipera sp. ("European vipers" group) (200140) | |
| Orleanian | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | Vipera sp. (60283) | |
| Orleanian | Czech Republic (Ústí nad Labem) | Vipera sp. (48173) | |
| Orleanian - Middle Miocene | France (Rhône-Alpes) | Viperinae B, Viperinae A (26723) | |
| MN 4 | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Vipera sp. (136919) | |