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Nesodontinae
Taxonomy
Nesodontidae was named by Murray (1866). Its type is Nesodon. It was considered paraphyletic by Croft et al. (2004).
It was reranked as the subfamily Nesodontinae by Croft et al. (2004).
It was assigned to Toxodontia by Ameghino (1887), Ameghino (1894), Ameghino (1897), Ameghino (1907), Gregory (1910); and to Toxodontidae by Croft et al. (2004).
It was reranked as the subfamily Nesodontinae by Croft et al. (2004).
It was assigned to Toxodontia by Ameghino (1887), Ameghino (1894), Ameghino (1897), Ameghino (1907), Gregory (1910); and to Toxodontidae by Croft et al. (2004).
Synonymy list
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. †Nesodontinae Murray 1866
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G. †Adinotherium Ameghino 1887
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†Adinotherium corriguenense Ameghino 1907
†Adinotherium haplodontoides Ameghino 1891
†Adinotherium karaikense Ameghino 1891
†Adinotherium nitidum Ameghino 1887
†Adinotherium ovinum Owen 1846
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Invalid names: Acrotherium kobyi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium mutabile Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium ferum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium magister Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium proximum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium robustum Ameghino 1891 [synonym]
†Adinotherium splendidum Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Adinotherium antiquum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium koby Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium pulchrum Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
G. †Berroia Kraglievich 1931
G. †Nesodon Owen 1846
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†Nesodon andium Ameghino 1891
†Nesodon brachycephalus Ameghino 1894
†Nesodon cavifrons Ameghino 1894
†Nesodon imbricatus Owen 1846
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Invalid names: Acrotherium intermedium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium variegatum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium ligatum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium lutarium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium pumilum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium repandum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium rothi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium trivium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Gronotherium decrepitum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon conspurcatus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon cornutus Scott 1912 [synonym], Nesodon marmoratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon oweni Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon typicus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium argentinum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium nehringi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium rufum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium studeri Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon clemens Fernández and Muñoz 2019 [synonym], Protoxodon henseli Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon obliteratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Protoxodon speciosus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon sullivani Owen 1846 [synonym], Scophotherium cyclops Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Toxodon patagonensis Ameghino 1887 [synonym]
†Nesodon limitatum Mercerat 1891
†Nesodon taweretus Forasiepi et al. 2015
Invalid names: Acrotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym]
G. †Pronesodon
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†Pronesodon cristatus Ameghino 1894
†Pronesodon robustus Ameghino 1894
†Pronesodon vates Ameghino 1902
G. †Rhadinotherium Ameghino 1887
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| D. A. Croft et al. 2004 | The Nesodontinae, as traditionally conceived (e.g., Nesodon, Adinotherium, Proadinotherium, etc.), is likely a paraphyletic group of toxodontids lacking derived character states present in other toxodontid subclades (Madden, 1990; Nasif et al., 2000). Specimens from Chucal are referred to the Toxodontidae based on large size; presence of very hypsodont cheek teeth; cheek teeth with protocone and hypocone united early in wear; upper molars with distinct and persistent first crista; lingual origin of the crochet in upper molars; triangular cross section of i1; hypselodont, procumbent, and tusklike i3; and reduced enamel along the lingual portions of the lower molars (Madden, 1990; Cifelli, 1993; Nasif et al., 2000). Nesodontines differ from other toxodontids in absence of derived mandibular symphysis morphology (Madden, 1990); unreduced sagittal crest (Nasif et al., 2000); lack of hypselodont molars (although M3 roots form only in old individuals; Madden, 1990); absence of simplified, straight ectoloph (i.e., lacking distinct parastyle, paracone, and metacone) on P2–4; presence of lingual folds on upper molars that become completely isolated as fossettes; and presence of two lingual folds plus an accessory fossettid in the lower molars. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, MacFadden et al. 1996, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range: base of the Deseadan to the top of the Huayquerian or 29.00000 to 5.00000 Ma
Collections (54 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deseadan | Bolivia | Nesodontinae indet. (95688) | |
| Deseadan | Argentina (Chubut) | Nesodontinae indet. (146358) | |
| Deseadan | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Nesodon sp. (50074) | |
| Colhuehuapian | Argentina (Neuquén) | Adinotherium sp. (89030) | |
| Colhuehuapian | Argentina (Mendoza) | Nesodon taweretus (198588) Nesodontinae indet. (189519) | |
| Colhuehuapian | Argentina (Río Negro) | Nesodontinae indet. (89093) | |
| Burdigalian | Chile (Magallanes) | Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp. (204203) | |
| Burdigalian | Chile (Aisén) | Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp. (71843) | |
| Santacrucian | Chile | Adinotherium sp., Nesodon imbricatus (103804) | |
| Santacrucian | Chile (Araucania) | Nesodon conspurcatus (144463) | |
| Santacrucian | Argentina (San Juan) | Nesodon conspurcatus (197900) | |
| Santacrucian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Adinotherium ovinum (176586 206241 207604) Adinotherium robustum (176574 176635) Adinotherium sp. (176569 176570 176624 207605 210786) Adinotherium sp., Adinotherium ovinum (176603) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon imbricatus (176641) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp. (176571 176622 176625) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp., Adinotherium ovinum (210638) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp., Adinotherium ovinum, Adinotherium ferum (142529) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp., Nesodon imbricatus (210787) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp., Nesodon imbricatus, Adinotherium ovinum (176578) Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp., Nesodon imbricatus, Adinotherium ovinum, Adinotherium robustum (27313) Nesodon imbricatus (176583 176602) Nesodon imbricatus, Adinotherium ferum, Nesodon sp., Adinotherium sp. (142533) Nesodon imbricatus, Adinotherium ovinum (176576 176581 176585 176591 204358) Nesodon sp. (87314 176600 176601 176623 206235 210154) Nesodon sp., Adinotherium ovinum (176590) Nesodon sp., Adinotherium ovinum, Adinotherium robustum (206237) Nesodon sp., Nesodon cornutus (210153) Protoxodon marmoratus (176593) | |
| Santacrucian | Chile (Araucanía) | Nesodon imbricatus (212330) | |
| Santacrucian - Friasian | Venezuela (Portugesa) | Adinotherium sp. (190535) | |
| Friasian | Chile | Adinotherium sp., Nesodon sp. (176666) | |
| Huayquerian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | Adinotherium paranense, Berroia sp. (55600) |