PBDB Taxon

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Rafinesquina alternata

Strophomenata - Strophomenida - Rafinesquinidae

Taxonomy

Leptaena alternata was named by Conrad (1838). It is a 3D body fossil. It is the type species of Rafinesquina.

It was replaced with Leptaena trentonensis by Hall (1847); it was recombined as Strophomena alternata by Billings (1856); it was replaced with Rafinesquina trentonensis by Salmon (1942) and Cooper (1956); it was recombined as Rafinesquina alternata by Dewing (1999) and Cocks (2010).

Subspecies

R. alata, R. intermedia, R. plana, R. platys

Sister species lacking formal opinion data

R. carlottina, R. deerensis, R. esmondensis, R. hermitagensis, R. lennoxensis, R. loxorhytis, R. okulitchi, R. orleansensis, R. patula, R. sardesoni

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1838	Leptaena alternata Conrad p. 115
1856	Strophomena alternata Billings p. 204 fig. 3
1999	Rafinesquina alternata Dewing p. 34
2010	Rafinesquina alternata Cocks

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
—	Lophophorata
—	Panbrachiopoda	Carlson and Cohen 2020
phylum	Brachiopoda	Cuvier 1805

Rank	Name	Author
subphylum	Rhynchonelliformea	Williams et al. 1996
class	Strophomenata	Williams et al 1996
order	Strophomenida	Opik 1934
superfamily	Strophomenoidea	King 1846
family	Rafinesquinidae	Schuchert 1893
subfamily	Rafinesquininae	Schuchert 1893
genus	Rafinesquina	Hall and Clarke 1892
species	alternata	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Rafinesquina alternata Conrad 1838

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†Rafinesquina alternata alata Wilson 1944

†Rafinesquina alternata plana Wilson 1944

†Rafinesquina alternata platys Wilson 1944

†Rafinesquina alternata intermedia Wilson 1944

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Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

low Mg calcitep

Entire body:

yesg

Adult length:

10 to < 100g

Adult width:

10 to < 100g

Folds:

noneg

Ribbing:

minorg

Spines:

noneg

Internal reinforcement:

noneg

Environment:

marineuc

Locomotion:

stationaryg

Attached:

yesp

Life habit:

epifaunalg

Diet:

suspension feederg

Vision:

blindc

Created:

2009-04-13 10:31:26

Modified:

2018-11-11 09:56:04

Source: g = genus, c = class, p = phylum, uc = unranked clade

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Aberhan et al. 2004, Nesnidal et al. 2013

Age range: base of the Early/Lower Llandeilo to the top of the Richmondian or 466.00000 to 445.50000 Ma

Collections (779 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Chazyan	470.0 - 457.3	Canada (Quebec)	Rafinesquina alternata (172352 172353 172362)
Chazyan	470.0 - 457.3	USA (New York)	Rafinesquina alternata (56184 172221 172223 172225 172227 172232 172235 172247 172299 172303 172304 172308 172310 172313 172314 172315 172321 172323 172325 172328 172346 172347 172348)
Early/Lower Llandeilo	466.0 - 460.9	North Korea	Rafinesquina alternata (56166)
Caradoc	458.4 - 449.5	USA (Georgia)	Rafinesquina alternata (32547 32552 32553 32554 32557 32558)
Caradoc	458.4 - 449.5	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (26274 26275) Rafinesquina intermedia, Rafinesquina alata (26276)
Caradoc	458.4 - 449.5	USA (Virginia)	Rafinesquina alternata (85630 85631 85632 85633 85634 85635 85636 85637 85638 85639 85640 85641 85642 85643 85644 85645 85646 85647 85648 85649 85650 85651 85652 85653 85654 85655 85656 85657 85658 85659 85660 85662 85663 85664 85665 85666 85667 85669 85670 85671 85672 85673 85674 85675 85676 85677 85678 85679 85683 85685 85690 85691 85692 85693 85694 85695 85696 85697 85698 85699 85700 85701 85704 85706 85707 85708 85709 85711 85712 85713 85715 85716 85718 85719 85720 85721 85725 85726 85727)
Caradoc	458.4 - 449.5	USA (Ohio)	Rafinesquina alternata (64422 64423 64424 64425 64476)
Late/Upper Ordovician	458.4 - 443.8	USA (Kentucky)	Rafinesquina alternata (77541 77542 77635)
Late/Upper Ordovician	458.4 - 443.8	USA (Indiana)	Rafinesquina alternata (77493 77639 78152 78156)
Late/Upper Ordovician	458.4 - 443.8	USA (Maryland)	Rafinesquina alternata (406 410)
Late/Upper Ordovician	458.4 - 443.8	USA (Ohio)	Rafinesquina alternata (75111 75155 77509 77512 77571 77762 77809 77815 77816 77823 77827 77831 77893 77898 77926 77961 77962 77964 78109 78157 78360 78393)
Turinian	457.3 - 453.8	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (26191)
Turinian	457.3 - 453.8	Canada (Quebec)	Rafinesquina alternata (174157)
Turinian	457.3 - 453.8	USA (Tennessee)	Rafinesquina alternata (5347)
Mohawkian	457.3 - 451.0	USA (Virginia)	Rafinesquina alternata (76081 76082 76083 85575 85577 85578 85579 85580 85581 85582 85583 85584 85585 85587 85588 85589 85590 85591 85592 85593 85594 85595 85596 85597 85599 85600 85601 85602 85603 85604 85605 85607 85608 85609 85610 85611 85612 85613 85614 85615 85617 85618 85619 85624)
Franklinian - Edenian	457.3 - 450.2	USA (Tennessee)	Rafinesquina alternata (5370 5371)
Kirkfieldian	457.3 - 449.6	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (26192)
Shermanian	457.3 - 449.6	USA (Tennessee)	Rafinesquina alternata (5352 5356 5357 5360 5361 5369)
Shermanian	457.3 - 449.6	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (26272)
Shermanian	457.3 - 449.6	USA (New York)	Rafinesquina alternata (76092)
Trentonian	457.3 - 449.6	USA (Virginia)	Rafinesquina alternata (34339 34340 34341 34342 34343 34344)
Chatfieldian	453.8 - 451.0	Canada (Quebec)	Rafinesquina alternata (195616)
Chatfieldian	453.8 - 451.0	USA (New York)	Rafinesquina alternata (76089 76090 76091)
Chatfieldian	453.8 - 451.0	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alata, Rafinesquina platys, Rafinesquina alternata (26273) Rafinesquina alternata (26263 26267 26268 26269 26270 26271 26277 185260 185265 185268)
Katian	453.0 - 445.2	Canada (Quebec)	Rafinesquina alternata (185487)
Edenian	451.0 - 450.2	USA (Kentucky)	Rafinesquina alternata (72637 72638 72640 72641 72642 72643 72644 72645 72646 72677 72679 72762 72765 72954 72958 72998 73004 73005 73006 73007 73008 73009 73010 73011 73012 73013 73014 73016 73017 73022)
Edenian	451.0 - 450.2	USA (Virginia)	Rafinesquina alternata (5397)
Edenian	451.0 - 450.2	USA (Ohio)	Rafinesquina alternata (64426 64475 77766 223994)
Edenian	451.0 - 450.2	USA (Pennsylvania)	Rafinesquina alternata (34895)
Edenian	451.0 - 450.2	USA (Pennsylvania and Virginia)	Rafinesquina alternata (77103)
Edenian - Maysvillian	451.0 - 449.6	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina intermedia, Rafinesquina alternata (26294)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	Canada (Quebec)	Rafinesquina alternata (155174 173128 173242)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	USA (Kentucky)	Rafinesquina alternata (72649 72650 72651 72652 72653 72654 72655 72656 72657 72658 72659 72660 72661 72662 72663 72664 72665 72666 72668 72669 72695 72696 72697 72698 72702 72703 72705 72706 72721 72724 72747 72748 72749 72750 72769 72770 72771 72772 72773 72774 72775 72776 72777 72778 72780 72781 72782 72783 72784 72785 72786 72787 72788 72790 72791 72792 72793 72794 72795 72796 72799 72800 72801 72802 72803 73024 73028 73029 73030 73031 73032 73033 73034 73068 73071 73072 73073 73074 73075 73076 73077 73078 73079 73080 73081 73082 73083 73084 73085 73086 73103 73105)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	Canada (Québec)	Rafinesquina alternata (173121)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	Canada (Manitoba)	Rafinesquina alternata (174050)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (173198 173248 173249)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	USA (Michigan)	Rafinesquina alternata (26307 173234)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	USA (Tennessee)	Rafinesquina alternata (5390)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	USA (New York)	Rafinesquina alternata (77104)
Maysvillian	450.2 - 449.6	USA (Ohio)	Rafinesquina alternata (5394 64421 72591 72592 72593 72594 72595 72596 72597 72598 72599 72600 72601 72602 72603 72606 72814 72815 72816 72817 72818 72819 72820 72821 72822 72825 72826 72827 72829 72831 72887 72888 72889 72890 72891 72892 72894 72896 72897 72898 72899 72900 72901 72902 72903 72904 72905 72906 72907 72908 72909 72936 72968 72969 72970 72971 72972 72973 72974 72975 72976 72977 72978 72979 72980 72981 72982 72983 72984 72985 72986 72987 72988 72989 72990 72991 72992 72993 72994 72995 72996 72997 73041 73042 73043 73044 73045 73046 73047 73126 73127 73129 73130 173050)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	USA (Kentucky)	Rafinesquina alternata (37833 72687 72689 72690 72691 72852 72853 72854 72855 72856 72857 72858 72859 72861 72862 73048 73049 73050 73052 73053 73054 73055 73056 73057 73064 73065 73107 73108 73110 73111 73113 73114 73115 73116 73117 73118 73119)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	Canada (Quebec)	Rafinesquina alternata (173244 173245)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	USA (Ohio)	Rafinesquina alternata (5326 72540 72545 72546 72547 72548 72549 72550 72551 72552 72553 72554 72555 72557 72558 72559 72562 72563 72565 72566 72567 72568 72569 72571 72572 72573 72574 72575 72576 72577 72578 72579 72580 72581 72583 72585 72586 72587 72588 72589 72590 72607 72608 72609 72610 72611 72612 72613 72614 72615 72621 72622 72624 72627 72628 72629 72631 72632 72635 72804 72807 72808 72809 72810 72812 72813 72828 72833 72834 72835 72836 72837 72838 72839 72840 72841 72842 72843 72844 72845 72846 72847 72848 72849 72850 72851 72867 72868 72869 72870 72872 72873 72874 72875 72876 72877 72878 72879 72880 72881 72882 72910 72911 72912 72913 72914 72915 72916 72917 72918 72919 72920 72921 72922 72923 72924 72925 72926 72927 72930 72931 72932 72933 72934 72935 72948 72949 72951 72953 72959 72960 72961 72962 72963 72964 72965 72966 72967 73035 73036 73037 73038 73039 73040 73120 73121 73122 73123 73124 73125 75114)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (173013 173088 173117 173130 173136 173150 173191 173240)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	USA (Michigan)	Rafinesquina alternata (26312 26313 26314 26315 26316)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	USA (Indiana)	Rafinesquina alternata (72428 72429 72430 72431 72434 72436 72437 72438 72440 72441 72442 72443 72444 72445 72446 72447 72457 72459 72461 72462 72465 72466 72467 72468 72469 72473 72474 72476 72478 72479 72480 72481 72483 72484 72485 72486 72491 72492 72493 72494 72495 72496 72497 72498 72499 72500 72501 72502 72503 72504 72505 72506 72507 72508 72509 72510 72511 72513 72514 72515 72516 72518 72519 72520 72521 72522 72523 72525 72526 72527 72528 72529 72530 72531 72532 72533 72534 72535 72536 72537 72538 72937 72939 72940 72941 72942 73087 73089 73090 73091 73092 73093 73094 73096 73097 73098 73099 73100 73101 77718 77966)
Richmondian	449.6 - 445.5	Canada (Québec)	Rafinesquina alternata (173239)
Ashgill - Richmondian	449.5 - 445.5	Canada (Ontario)	Rafinesquina alternata (26303)
Ashgill	449.5 - 443.7	USA (Tennessee)	Rafinesquina alternata (5392 5393)
Ashgill	449.5 - 443.7	USA (Kentucky)	Rafinesquina alternata (24034 64169)
Ashgill	449.5 - 443.7	USA (Indiana)	Rafinesquina alternata (64230 64232)