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Toxaster

Echinoidea - Spatangoida - Toxasteridae

Taxonomy
Toxaster was named by Agassiz (1839) [Sepkoski's age data: K Berr-u K Camp Sepkoski's reference number: 934,1242].

It was assigned to Spatangoida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Toxasteridae by Fischer (1966) and Barras (2007).

Species
T. retusus
Species lacking formal opinion data
T. casterasi, T. gaudryi, T. ricordeaui, T. subcavatus

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1839Toxaster Agassiz p. 25
1966Toxaster Fischer p. U551
2002Toxaster Sepkoski
2007Toxaster Barras pp. Table 1

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
—Echinozoa()
classEchinoidea()
RankNameAuthor
subclassEuechinoideaBronn 1860
superorderAcroechinoidea()
—Carinacea
—Irregularia()
—Atelostomata
orderSpatangoida
familyToxasteridae
genusToxaster

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Toxaster Agassiz 1839
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†Toxaster retusus Lamarck 1816
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calciteo
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marineo
Locomotion: slow-movingo
Life habit: shallow infaunalo
Diet: deposit feedero
Diet 2: detritivoreo
Vision: limitedc
Dispersal: watero
Dispersal 2: planktonico
Created: 2004-02-28 12:18:10
Modified: 2009-10-08 16:32:56
Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum
References: Kiessling 2004, Aberhan 1992

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Berriasian to the top of the Albian or 145.00000 to 100.50000 Ma

Collections (183 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Berriasian145.0 - 140.2Algeria T. granosus (64322)
Middle Berriasian145.0 - 140.2Algeria T. africanus (64360)
Early/Lower Valanginian140.2 - 136.4France T. granosus (65193)
Late/Upper Valanginian140.2 - 136.4France T. granosus (65189 65190 65191 65192 65194 65197) T. retusus (55745) T. sp. (55746)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9Portugal T. casterasi, T. subcavatus (64952 65674) T. sp. (65709) T. subcavatus (65702)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9France T. campichei (2214 2216 2218 2219 2220)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9Morocco (Western High Atlas) T. granosus (2062)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9Switzerland T. campichei (2213 2215 2217) T. granosus (2247)
Valanginian - Hauterivian139.8 - 129.4China (Xizang) T. sp. (61419)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0France T. lorioli (65195) T. retusus (68926 68928 68929 68930 68932 68933 68934 68936 68937 68939 68940 68943 68944 68946 68947 68952 68963 68968 68969 68983 68984 68986 68987 68989 68990 68991 68992 68993 68994 68995 68996 68997 69004 69005 69007 69020 69021 69022 69063 69064 69065 69066 69067 69077 69078 69079 69080 69081 69082 69083 69490 69492 69494 69735 69736 69743 69744 69745 69746 69747 69748 69749 69750 69751 69752 69754 69757 69760 69762 69763 69764 69765 69766 69776 69777 69778 69780 69781 69782 69783 69785 69786 69793 69794 69796 84870 84872 84873 84874 84875 84876 84877 84878 84879) T. sp. (61545)
Late/Upper Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Switzerland (Neuchatel) T. retusus (31986)
Late/Upper Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0France T. gibbus (65196)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4France (Provence) T. sp. (56774 56779)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Switzerland T. complanatus (2198 2201) T. complanatus, T. granosus (2200)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Portugal T. exilis (73321) T. granosus (65745 65753 65756 65757 65759 65767 65773 73136) T. granosus, T. retusus (65752) T. retusus (65858 65876 73143) T. sp. (65854) T. subcavatus, T. granosus, T. exilis (65740)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Colombia T. roulinae (97672)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4France T. complanatus (2203 2206) T. complanatus, T. granosus (2209) T. complanatus, T. granuosus (2199)
Late/Upper Barremian130.0 - 125.45Turkmenistan T. retusus (47025)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0France T. complanatus (2212)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Portugal T. ricordeaui (73156)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Morocco (Western High Atlas) T. maurus, T. peroni (2067)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Morocco (Marrakech) T. sp. (126611)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Switzerland T. complanatus (2194 2196 2197)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0United Kingdom (England) T. fittoni (1748 1760 1840 1850 1851) T. fittoni, T. complanatus (1836) T. fittoni, T. renevieri (1769)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0Switzerland T. couloni (2179)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0Egypt T. collegnoi, T. radula, T. lamberti (63979)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0Mexico T. sp. (65623)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0Spain (Catalonia) T. collegnoi (111535)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0Morocco (Western High Atlas) T. villei (2069 2070)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0France T. collegnoi (38806)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0Mexico T. sp. (65624)
Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian122.46 - 109.0Spain (Castellon) T. sp. (3722 3724)
Early/Lower Aptian121.4 - 122.46United Kingdom (England) T. fittoni (235315)
Albian113.0 - 100.5Madagascar T. gaudryi (98244 98245)
Albian113.0 - 100.5Madagascar (Mahajanga) T. gaudryi, T. sp. (86497)
Early/Lower Albian112.03 - 109.0United Kingdom (England) T. murchisonianus (1864)
Middle Albian109.0 - 105.3United Kingdom (England) T. murchisonianus (1765)
Middle Albian109.0 - 105.3Egypt T. lamberti, T. lyonsi (98326)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6Madagascar (Mahajanga) T. gaudryi (98220)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6Egypt T. lamberti, T. lyonsi (98327)