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Squalus
Taxonomy
Squalus was named by Linnaeus (1758) [Sepkoski's age data: K Camp R Sepkoski's reference number: 884]. It is extant. Its type is Squalus acanthias. It is the type genus of Squalidae.
It was assigned to Squalinae by Bendix-Almgreen (1983); to Squaliformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Squalidae by Jordan and Hanibal (1923), Jordan (1963), Cassier (1966), Long (1992), Siverson (1993), Cvancara and Hoganson (1993), Underwood and Mitchell (1999), Purdy et al. (2001), Kocsis (2007), Adnet et al. (2008), Kent (2018), Cappetta et al. (2019), Hoganson et al. (2019), Villafaña et al. (2020), Cicimurri et al. (2022), Feichtinger et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Squalinae by Bendix-Almgreen (1983); to Squaliformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Squalidae by Jordan and Hanibal (1923), Jordan (1963), Cassier (1966), Long (1992), Siverson (1993), Cvancara and Hoganson (1993), Underwood and Mitchell (1999), Purdy et al. (2001), Kocsis (2007), Adnet et al. (2008), Kent (2018), Cappetta et al. (2019), Hoganson et al. (2019), Villafaña et al. (2020), Cicimurri et al. (2022), Feichtinger et al. (2024).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Squalus Linnaeus p. 233 |
| 1818 | Acanthias Leach |
| 1854 | Spinax (Acanthias) Girard |
| 1904 | Acanthias Chapman and Pritchard p. 269 |
| 1923 | Squalus Jordan and Hanibal p. 58 |
| 1924 | Acanthias Chapman and Cudmore p. 109 |
| 1926 | Acanthias Leriche p. 381 |
| 1963 | Acanthias Jordan p. 601 |
| 1963 | Squalus Jordan p. 601 |
| 1966 | Squalus Cassier p. 62 |
| 1983 | Squalus Bendix-Almgreen p. 2 |
| 1992 | Squalus Long p. 15 |
| 1993 | Squalus Cvancara and Hoganson p. 5 |
| 1993 | Squalus Siverson p. 4 |
| 1999 | Squalus Underwood and Mitchell |
| 2001 | Squalus Purdy et al. p. 87 |
| 2002 | Squalus Sepkoski |
| 2007 | Squalus Kocsis p. 29 |
| 2008 | Squalus Adnet et al. p. 713 |
| 2018 | Squalus Kent p. 59 |
| 2019 | Squalus Cappetta et al. p. 1146 |
| 2019 | Squalus Hoganson et al. p. 16 |
| 2020 | Squalus Villafaña et al. |
| 2022 | Squalus Cicimurri et al. |
| 2024 | Squalus Feichtinger et al. p. 4 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Squalus Linnaeus 1758
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Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758 [spiny dogfish]
†Squalus ballingsloevensis Siverson 1993
†Squalus balsvikensis Siverson 1993
†Squalus cinereus Gmelin 1789
†Squalus crenatidens Arambourg 1952
†Squalus gabrielsoni Siverson 1993
†Squalus latidens Davis 1887
†Squalus minor Daimeries 1888
†Squalus nicholsae Cappetta et al. 2019
†Squalus orpiensis Winkler 1874
Squalus perlo Bonnaterre 1788
†Squalus serriculus Jordan and Hanibal 1923
†Squalus stehlini Leriche 1938
†Squalus suckleyi Girard 1854
†Squalus vondermarcki Müller and Schöllmann 1989
†Squalus weltoni Long 1992
†Squalus woodburnei Long 1992
Invalid names: Acanthias Leach 1818 [objective synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Cenomanian to the top of the Middle Pleistocene or 100.50000 to 0.12900 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 93.9 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 93.9 Ma
Collections (117 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | United Kingdom (England) | S. sp. (213364) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Lithuania | S. sp. (213719) | |
| Middle Cenomanian | United Kingdom (England) | S. sp. (213365) | |
| Late/Upper Cretaceous | Japan (Hokkaido) | Centrophoroides latidens (161434) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian | Lebanon | Centrophoroides latidens (92241 221157) | |
| Santonian | Japan | Centrophoroides latidens (219963) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | Germany (Niedersachsen) | S. vondermarcki (31992) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (British Columbia) | S. sp., S. vondermarcki, S. nicholsae (221571) S. vondermarcki, S. nicholsae (221572) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (South Dakota) | S. sp. (123582) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Israel | S. sp. (35443) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | New Zealand | S. sp. (153464) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Sweden | S. ballingsloevensis, S. balsvikensis (214324 214325 214329 214330 214332 214333 214353) S. balsvikensis (214323 214351 214352) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | S. ballingsloevensis (213582 213584 213585 213589 213591) S. sp., S. ballingsloevensis (213587) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Texas) | S. huntensis (61738) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Germany | S. vondermarcki (233262 240317 240319 240320 240322) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Sweden | S. gabrielsoni (214328) | |
| Danian | Morocco | S. sp. (83311 210053) | |
| Danian | Austria | S. crenatidens (233260) S. sp., S. crenatidens (233261) | |
| Early/Lower Paleocene | USA (New Jersey) | S. minor (62840) | |
| Thanetian | USA (California) | S. sp. (189952) | |
| Thanetian | Algeria | S. sp. (232262) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | S. minor (3260 8050 13299 76601 185914) | |
| Ypresian | France (Oise) | Megasqualus orpiensis (68175) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | S. minor (3256 3257 3258) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Virginia) | S. crenatidens (15595) | |
| Lutetian | USA (California) | S. sp. (200654) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | S. minor (41888 41989 41992 41998) | |
| Lutetian - Bartonian | Antarctica (Seymour Island) | S. woodburnei, S. weltoni (53666) | |
| Middle Eocene | Uzbekistan | S. sp. (62573) | |
| Middle Eocene | Ukraine (Crimea) | S. alsaticus, S. sp. (140018) | |
| Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene | Chile | S. weltoni (99479) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Oregon) | S. sp. (201281) | |
| Bartonian | United Kingdom (England) | S. sp. (40530) | |
| Bartonian - Priabonian | Antarctica | S. woodburnei, S. weltoni (31173) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Japan (Fukuoka) | S. sp. (161440) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | France | S. alsaticus (69805) | |
| Rupelian | Germany | S. alsaticus (95898) | |
| Rupelian | Netherlands | S. alsaticus (87250) | |
| Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | S. alsaticus (68021) | |
| Rupelian | USA (South Carolina) | S. sp. (60444 224900) | |
| Oligocene | Czechia | S. alsaticus (125331) | |
| Chattian | Venezuela (Falcon) | Acanthias stehlini (221443) | |
| Chattian | USA (California) | S. serriculus (11601) | |
| Chattian | Australia (Victoria) | Acanthias geelongensis (176296) | |
| Chattian | Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | S. alsaticus, Megasqualus orpiensis (32012) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Slovakia | S. sp. (47461) | |
| Miocene | Japan (Nagano) | S. sp. (161443) | |
| Miocene | Japan (Hiroshima) | S. sp. (161447) | |
| Burdigalian | Hungary | S. sp. (210623) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Delaware) | S. sp. (18579) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Bavaria) | S. sp. (210593) | |
| Langhian | Australia (Victoria) | Acanthias geelongensis (204306) | |
| Langhian | USA (Virginia) | S. sp. (79793) | |
| Langhian | Mexico (Baja California) | S. sp. (52183) | |
| Langhian | France (Loupian) | S. sp. (161623) | |
| Langhian | Netherlands | S. sp. (45505) | |
| Langhian | Portugal (Penedo) | S. sp. (161620) | |
| Langhian | Japan (Hokuriku) | S. seniculus (161493) | |
| Langhian | USA (California) | S. sericulus (19595) S. serriculus (59059) | |
| Middle Miocene | Japan (Hokuriku) | S. serriculus (161496) | |
| Middle Miocene | Japan (Gifu) | S. sp. (161445) | |
| Badenian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Acanthias sp. (161996) | |
| Badenian | Czechia (Mikulov) | S. sp. (161993 161995) | |
| Badenian | Belgium | S. alsaticus, S. sp. (208831) | |
| Serravallian | France (Gironde) | S. sp. (161524) | |
| Serravallian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | S. sp. (55599) | |
| Serravallian | Japan (Hokuriku) | S. serriculus (161489) | |
| Tortonian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | S. eocenus, S. obliquidens (13626) | |
| Tortonian | Denmark | S. acanthias (98312) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Colon) | S. sp. (160781) | |
| Tortonian | USA (Virginia) | S. sp. (152251) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Netherlands | S. sp. (53889) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) | S. acanthias (162679) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Costa Rica (Limon) | S. sp. (162678) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | South Africa | S. sp. (22219) | |
| Messinian | USA (Virginia) | S. sp. (179732) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Mexico (Baja) | S. sp. (154117) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal | S. sp. (65954) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal (Alvalade) | S. sp. (65955) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | S. sp. (52582) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | S. sp. (75482) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Acanthias vulgaris (58420) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | S. suckleyi (222408) |