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Protospinax
Taxonomy
Protospinax was named by Woodward (1919) [Sepkoski's age data: J Tith-l Sepkoski's reference number: 525,884]. Its type is Protospinax annectans. It is the type genus of Protospinacidae.
It was synonymized subjectively with Belemnobatis by Maisey (1976).
It was assigned to Squalidae by Jordan (1963); to Squalomorphii by Sepkoski (2002); to Squaliformes by Adnet et al. (2008); to Protospinaciformes by van der Laan (2019); and to Protospinacidae by Woodward (1919), Thies (1983), Underwood (2002), Delsate (2003), Kriwet (2003), Underwood and Ward (2004), Guinot et al. (2014), Delsate and Felten (2015), Begat et al. (2025).
It was synonymized subjectively with Belemnobatis by Maisey (1976).
It was assigned to Squalidae by Jordan (1963); to Squalomorphii by Sepkoski (2002); to Squaliformes by Adnet et al. (2008); to Protospinaciformes by van der Laan (2019); and to Protospinacidae by Woodward (1919), Thies (1983), Underwood (2002), Delsate (2003), Kriwet (2003), Underwood and Ward (2004), Guinot et al. (2014), Delsate and Felten (2015), Begat et al. (2025).
Species
P. annectans (syn. Squalogaleus woodwardi) (type species), P. carvalhoi, P. lochensteinensis, P. planus
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1919 | Protospinax Woodward p. 233 |
| 1963 | Protospinax Jordan p. 601 |
| 1983 | Protospinax Thies p. 21 |
| 2002 | Protospinax Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Protospinax Underwood |
| 2003 | Protospinax Delsate p. 9 |
| 2003 | Protospinax Kriwet p. 591 |
| 2004 | Protospinax Underwood and Ward p. 483 |
| 2008 | Protospinax Adnet et al. p. 717 |
| 2014 | Protospinax Guinot et al. p. 68 |
| 2015 | Protospinax Delsate and Felten p. 12 |
| 2019 | Protospinax van der Laan p. 44 |
| 2025 | Protospinax Begat et al. p. 734 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Protospinax Woodward 1919
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†Protospinax annectans Woodward 1919
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Invalid names: Squalogaleus woodwardi Maisey 1976 [synonym]
†Protospinax carvalhoi Underwood and Ward 2004
†Protospinax lochensteinensis Thies 1983
†Protospinax planus Underwood 2002
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Toarcian to the top of the Early/Lower Aptian or 180.40000 to 119.57000 Ma
Collections (25 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jurassic - Early/Lower Cretaceous | United Kingdom (England) | P. annectans (241438) | |
| Toarcian | Germany | P. sp. (148936) | |
| Levesquei | Luxembourg | P. sp. (148935) | |
| Variabilis | Luxembourg | P. sp. (141383 141384) | |
| Late/Upper Toarcian | Germany | P. sp. (139230) | |
| Thouarsense | Luxembourg | P. sp. (141386 141387 141389) | |
| Laeviuscula | France | P. carvalhoi (179497) | |
| Middle Bathonian - Late/Upper Bathonian | Poland | P. sp. 1 (141283) P. sp. 2 (141286) | |
| Callovian | United Kingdom | P. annectans (137185) | |
| Late/Upper Callovian | Poland | P. sp. 1, P. sp. 2 (117993) | |
| Late/Upper Callovian | Luxembourg | P. sp. 1, P. sp. 2, P. annectans (91447) | |
| Middle Callovian | Poland | P. sp. 1, P. sp. 2 (97035) | |
| Late/Upper Oxfordian | Spain | P. sp. (151900) | |
| Late/Upper Oxfordian | Germany | P. lochensteinensis (137169) | |
| Early/Lower Kimmeridgian | Germany | P. annectans (276591) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | United Kingdom (England) | P. planus (140224) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | Germany | P. annectans, Squalogaleus woodwardi (121197) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | Germany (Bayern) | P. annectans (139551 276590) | |
| Early/Lower Valanginian | France (Gard) | P. sp. (213631) | |
| Early/Lower Aptian | United Kingdom (England) | P. sp. (241457) |