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Holosteus
Taxonomy
Holosteus was named by Agassiz (1835) [Sepkoski's age data: T Eo-m T Ol-l Sepkoski's reference number: 915].
It was assigned to Esoces by Agassiz (1835); to Alepisauriformes by Sepkoski (2002); to Paralepididae by Danil'chenko (1960), Constantin (1999), Carnevale et al. (2014) and Bannikov (2014); and to Holosteinae by Přikryl et al. (2016) and Marramà and Carnevale (2017).
It was assigned to Esoces by Agassiz (1835); to Alepisauriformes by Sepkoski (2002); to Paralepididae by Danil'chenko (1960), Constantin (1999), Carnevale et al. (2014) and Bannikov (2014); and to Holosteinae by Přikryl et al. (2016) and Marramà and Carnevale (2017).
Species
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1835 | Holosteus Agassiz p. 43ff |
| 1960 | Holosteus Danil'chenko p. 40 |
| 1999 | Holosteus Constantin |
| 2002 | Holosteus Sepkoski |
| 2014 | Holosteus Bannikov p. 26 |
| 2014 | Holosteus Carnevale et al. p. 41 |
| 2016 | Holosteus Přikryl et al. |
| 2017 | Holosteus Marramà and Carnevale p. 212 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Holosteus Agassiz 1835
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Holosteus esocinus Agassiz 1835
†Holosteus fieniensis Constantin 1999
†Holosteus mariae Menner 1959
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| G. Marramà and G. Carnevale 2017 | Holosteine paralepidid with very elon- gated body and fineness ratio of 15.0–16.0; head is of about five to six times SL; upper jaw terminating below the ventral margin of the orbit; prominent, non- ossified and horizontally directed projection forming the anterior tip of the lower jaw; articular–quad- rate joint located below the posterior margin of the orbit; eight branchiostegal rays; small recurved teeth on premaxilla; large, thin and pointed teeth on pal- ate and lower jaw without corrugate pattern or ser- rate margins; epineurals and epipleurals extending throughout the vertebral column, being thicker and more ossified in the caudal region; most epineurals bifid or trifid proximally; 106–112 vertebrae of which about 30% are caudal; dorsal fin with 18–20 rays; about 19–22 anal-fin rays; about 10–12 pelvic-fin rays; caudal fin with 19–20 principal rays and about 10–12 dorsal and ventral procurrent rays; five or six autog- enous hypurals, of which the first two appear to be partially fused; proximal ends of the epaxial caudal- fin rays that extensively overlap the associated hypurals; bony fulcral scales just in front of the upper and ventral caudal-fin lobes; body completely naked, with a broad, uniform, mid-dorsal brown-pigmented band along the back. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Rupelian or 56.00000 to 28.10000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma
Collections (2 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ypresian | Italy | H. esocinus (94830) | |
| Rupelian | Poland | H. sp. (186589) |