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Benthosema
Taxonomy
Benthosema was named by Goode and Bean (1896) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-m R Sepkoski's reference number: 560]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Myctophidae by Nolf and Steurbaut (1983); to Myctophiformes by Sepkoski (2002); to Myctophydae by Girone et al. (2006); to Myctophini by Schwarzhans (1980) and Schwarzhans and Aguilera (2013); and to Myctophinae by Fraser-Brunner (1949), Fierstine et al. (2012), Martin et al. (2018), Schwarzhans and Ohe (2019) and Schwarzhans (2019).
It was assigned to Myctophidae by Nolf and Steurbaut (1983); to Myctophiformes by Sepkoski (2002); to Myctophydae by Girone et al. (2006); to Myctophini by Schwarzhans (1980) and Schwarzhans and Aguilera (2013); and to Myctophinae by Fraser-Brunner (1949), Fierstine et al. (2012), Martin et al. (2018), Schwarzhans and Ohe (2019) and Schwarzhans (2019).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1896 | Benthosema Goode and Bean |
| 1949 | Benthosema Fraser-Brunner p. 1051 |
| 1980 | Benthosema Schwarzhans p. 50 |
| 1983 | Benthosema Nolf and Steurbaut p. 153 |
| 2002 | Benthosema Sepkoski |
| 2006 | Benthosema Girone et al. p. 655 |
| 2012 | Benthosema Fierstine et al. p. 50 |
| 2013 | Benthosema Schwarzhans and Aguilera p. 96 |
| 2018 | Benthosema Martin et al. p. 79 figs. Table 3 |
| 2019 | Benthosema Schwarzhans p. 113 |
| 2019 | Benthosema Schwarzhans and Ohe p. 363 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Benthosema Goode and Bean 1896
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†Benthosema concentricus Frost 1934
†Benthosema duanformis Lin et al. 2023
Benthosema fibulatum Gilbert and Cramer 1897
†Benthosema fitchi Brzobohaty and Schultz 1978
Benthosema glaciale Reinhardt 1837 [glacier lantern fish]
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Invalid names: Scopelus mulleri Gill 1861 [synonym], Scopelus parvimanus Günther 1864 [synonym], Scopelus scoticus Günther 1887 [synonym]
†Benthosema minutum Schwarzhans 2019
†Benthosema panamense Taning 1932
†Benthosema parafibulatum Lin et al. 2023
Benthosema pinchoti Fowler 1932
†Benthosema pluridens Schwarzhans and Aguilera 2013
Benthosema pterota Alcock 1891
Benthosema pterotum Alcock 1890
Benthosema suborbitale Gilbert 1913
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Chattian to the top of the Middle Pleistocene or 28.10000 to 0.12900 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Collections (58 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chattian | New Zealand (North Island) | Scopelus concentricus (204336) | |
| Burdigalian | France | B. fitchi (220042) | |
| Altonian | New Zealand (South Island) | B. minutum (219622) | |
| Altonian | New Zealand | B. sp. (67900) | |
| Altonian | New Zealand (North Shore) | B. minutum (219523 219524) | |
| Clifdenian | New Zealand (South Island) | B. concentricum (219276) | |
| Clifdenian - Lillburnian | New Zealand (North Island) | B. concentricum (219541) | |
| Lillburnian | New Zealand (North Island) | B. concentricum (219547) | |
| Lillburnian - Waiauan | New Zealand (South Island) | B. concentricum (219610) | |
| Waiauan | New Zealand (North Island) | B. conentricum (219267) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Colon) | B. pluridens (219219) | |
| Tortonian | Italy | B. fitchi (78437 187504 187505 187507 187596) B. glaciale, B. fitchi (178120 187503 187506) | |
| Tortonian | Greece (Crete) | B. suborbitale (207585 207587 207588 207589 207590) | |
| Tongaporutuan | New Zealand | B. conentricum (89138) | |
| Messinian | Greece (Crete) | B. suborbitale (207591) | |
| Messinian | Italy (Piedmont) | B. suborbitale (199860 220503) | |
| Messinian | Italy | B. fitchi (220504) | |
| Kapitean | New Zealand | Scopelus concentricus (162461) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Taiwan (Taiwan) | B. duanformis (237150) B. duanformis, B. parafibulatum (237152) B. parafibulatum (237151) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (California) | B. sp. (219858 219859) | |
| Piacenzian | Japan | B. fibulatum, B. pterotum (219768 219769) | |
| Piacenzian | Italy | B. glaciale (210258) | |
| Piacenzian | Japan (Okinawa) | B. pterotum (219766 219770) | |
| Piacenzian | Japan (Hane) | B. pterotum (219771 219776) | |
| Gelasian | Italy | B. glaciale (159096) | |
| Gelasian - Calabrian | Greece (Zakynthos) | B. glaciale (207576) | |
| Gelasian - Calabrian | Greece (Rhodes) | B. glaciale (207569) B. glaciale, B. suborbitale (207571) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | Italy | B. glaciale (159455 159823) B. glaciale, B. suborbitale (159378) | |
| Gelasian - Ionian | Greece (Rhodes) | B. glaciale (207578) | |
| Gelasian - Ionian | Greece (Kephallonia) | B. glaciale (207577) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | B. sp. (219856) | |
| Calabrian | Italy | B. suborbitale (159288) | |
| Calabrian | Greece (Rhodes) | B. glaciale (207575) | |
| Ionian | Greece (Rhodes) | B. glaciale (207568) | |
| Ionian | Italy | B. glaciale (159361) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | B. sp. (219857) |