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Belemnocrinoidea

Crinoidea

Taxonomy
Belemnocrinoidea was named by Miller (1883). Its type is Belemnocrinidae.

It was corrected as Belemnocrinacea by Mao et al. (2018).

It was assigned to Disparida by Webster (1987), Webster et al. (2009); to Disparida by Webster and Webster (2012); and to Disparida by Mao et al. (2018).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1883Belemnocrinoidea Miller
1987Belemnocrinoidea Webster p. 112
2009Belemnocrinoidea Webster et al. p. 245
2012Belemnocrinoidea Webster and Webster
2018Belemnocrinacea Mao et al. p. 1076

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumBlastozoa
RankNameAuthor
classCrinoideaMiller 1821
subclassPentacrinoideaJaekel 1918
infraclassInadunata(Wachsmuth and Springer 1897)
superorderDisparida(Moore and Laudon 1943)
superfamilyBelemnocrinoideaMiller 1883
superfamilyBelemnocrinoideaMiller 1883

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. †Belemnocrinoidea Miller 1883
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Fm. †Belemnocrinidae Miller 1883
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G. †Belemnocrinus Munier-chalmas 1876
G. †Whiteocrinus Jaekel 1918
Fm. †Holynocrinidae Bouska 1948
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G. †Holynocrinus Bouška 1948
Fm. †Perissocrinidae Strimple 1963
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G. †Hypsocrinus Springer and Slocom 1906
G. †Perissocrinus Goldring 1936
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†Perissocrinus papillatus Goldring 1936
G. †Quiniocrinus Schmidt 1942
Fm. †Pygmaeocrinidae Strimple 1963
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G. †Kroppocrinus Jell 1999
G. †Storthingocrinus Schultze 1867
Fm. †Synbathocrinidae Miller 1889
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G. †Abyssocrinus Strimple 1963
G. †Phimocrinus Schultze 1867
G. †Ramacrinus Prokop 1969
G. †Stylocrinus Sandberger 1856
G. †Synbathocrinus Phillips 1836
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†Synbathocrinus chenae Mao et al. 2018
†Synbathocrinus cretensis Webster 2012
†Synbathocrinus labrus Webster et al. 2009
†Synbathocrinus yaoi Webster et al. 2009
G. †Theloreus Moore 1962
Fm. †Zophocrinidae Miller 1892
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G. †Parazophocrinus Strimple 1963
G. †Tiaracrinus Schultze 1866
G. †Zophocrinus Miller 1891
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calcitec
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: stationarysubc
Attached: yessubc
Life habit: intermediate-level epifaunalsubc
Diet: suspension feedersubc
Vision: blindc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Created: 2004-02-28 16:34:13
Modified: 2009-10-09 13:33:22
Source: subc = subclass, c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Kiessling 2004, Aberhan 1992

Age range: base of the Sheinwoodian to the top of the Sakmarian or 432.90000 to 290.10000 Ma

Collections (114 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Silurian443.1 - 419.62USA (Oklahoma) Abyssocrinus sp., Parazophocrinus sp., Stylocrinus sp., Zophocrinus sp. (528)
Telychian - Sheinwoodian438.6 - 430.6USA (Indiana) Zophocrinidae indet. (26803) Zophocrinus sp. (26798)
Sheinwoodian432.9 - 430.6USA (Indiana) Zophocrinidae indet. (26805)
Wenlock432.9 - 426.7USA (Wisconsin) Zophocrinus sp. (26815)
Wenlock432.9 - 426.7USA (Indiana) Phimocrinus sp. (26778) Zophocrinus howardi (26700 26811)
Wenlock432.9 - 426.7USA (Tennessee) Zophocrinus sp. (26802)
Wenlock - Ludlow432.9 - 422.7USA (Illinois) Zophocrinus sp. (26816)
Ludlow426.7 - 422.7USA (Oklahoma) Parazophocrinus callosus (26823)
Ludlow426.7 - 422.7Australia (Victoria) Kroppocrinus heathcotensis (39141) Phimocrinus americanus (39139) Phimocrinus hanschi (39134)
Ludlow426.7 - 422.7USA (Missouri) Zophocrinidae sp. nov. 1, Zophocrinidae sp. nov. 2 (26822)
Ludfordian425.0 - 422.7Czechia Tiaracrinus sp. (14067)
Ludfordian - Pridoli425.0 - 419.62USA (Oklahoma) Abyssocrinus antiquus, Zophocrinus angulatus (26824)
Pridoli - Lochkovian422.7 - 413.02USA (Oklahoma) Phimocrinus sp., Pygmaeocrinus sp. (26826)
Gedinnine419.62 - 413.02USA (Tennessee) Phimocrinus sp. (75628)
Lochkovian419.62 - 413.02USA (Tennessee) Theloreus sp. (26786 26852)
Lochkovian419.62 - 413.02Australia (Victoria) Kroppocrinus mathiesonensis (39122) Phimocrinus americanus, Kroppocrinus heathcotensis (39121)
Lochkovian419.62 - 413.02Czechia Pygmaeocrinus rotundus, Ramacrinus sp., Theloreus sp. (94441 94444) Pygmaeocrinus rotundus, Ramacrinus sp., Theloreus sp., Tiaracrinus sp. (94439)
Lochkovian - Pragian419.62 - 410.62France (Alsace) Tiaracrinus soyei (38802)
Devonian419.62 - 358.86USA (New York) Perissocrinus papillatus (123543)
Pragian413.02 - 410.62Czechia Pygmaeocrinus kettneri (14135) Pygmaeocrinus kettneri, Ramacrinus brevis (14136)
Early/Lower Emsian410.62 - 399.5Czechia Ramacrinus brevis, Ramacrinus multiformis (14137)
Emsian - Givetian410.62 - 382.31Morocco Kroppocrinus garamdouaraensis (208241)
Late/Upper Emsian399.5 - 393.47Czechia Holynocrinus moorei, Holynocrinus spinifer, Ramacrinus brevis (14138) Tiaracrinus rarus (14139)
Early/Lower Givetian387.95 - 385.9Germany Storthingocrinus wotanicus (235201)
Givetian387.95 - 382.31USA (New York) Synbathocrinus canandaigua (76137) Synbathocrinus sp. (10110 96212)
Kinderhookian358.86 - 351.9USA (Iowa) Belemnocrinus sp. (73274)
Tournaisian358.86 - 346.7USA (Kentucky) Synbathocrinus dentatus (65685 65686 65691)
Hastarian - Chadian358.86 - 339.9Australia (New South Wales) Synbathocrinus sp. (119334)
Mississippian358.86 - 323.4USA (Indiana) Synbathocrinus sp. (224226 224232)
Osagean351.9 - 342.9USA (Tennessee) Synbathocrinus swallovi (165203 165239 165240)
Osagean351.9 - 342.9USA (Indiana) Synbathocrinus sp. (550 567) Synbathocrinus swallovi (2257 2455)
Osagean351.9 - 342.9USA (Kentucky) Synbathocrinus dentatus (59889) Synbathocrinus swallovi (6200 6202 6203 6204 6205 6206 165191 165192 165193 165194 165201 165202 165204 165243 165244 165245)
Osagean - Chadian351.9 - 339.9USA (Kentucky) Synbathocrinus swallovi (6201)
Arundian - Holkerian346.7 - 339.9Ireland Synbathocrinus conicus (76517)
Chadian346.7 - 339.9United Kingdom Synbathocrinus conicus (90820)
Chadian346.7 - 339.9USA (Kentucky) Synbathocrinus robustus (5870) Synbathocrinus robustus, Synbathocrinus angularis (5869) Synbathocrinus sp. (2677)
Chadian346.7 - 339.9USA (Indiana) Synbathocrinus swallovi (2202 2204 2208 2250 2251 2252 2439 2442 2445 2448) Synbathocrinus swallowvi (2187)
Chadian - Arundian346.7 - 339.9USA (Kentucky) Synbathocrinus sp. (562) Synbathocrinus swallovi (37879)
Chadian - Arundian346.7 - 339.9USA (Indiana) Synbathocrinus sp. (557 558 8067 8069 8080)
Meramecian342.9 - 335.4USA (Kentucky) Synbathocrinus sp. (2713) Synbathocrinus swallovi (2780 2828 2831)
Meramecian342.9 - 335.4USA (Indiana) Synbathocrinus swallovi (2835)
Yeadonian320.0 - 318.7Iran Synbathocrinus n. sp. (230509 230510)
Atokan318.6 - 312.8USA (Missouri) Synbathocrinus melba (90801)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0China (Xinjiang) Synbathocrinus labrus (92636) Synbathocrinus sp. (92637)
Asselian298.9 - 293.52China (Henan) Synbathocrinus campanulatus, Synbathocrinus chenae (197054)
Asselian298.9 - 293.52Greece Synbathocrinus cretensis (137662)
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1Australia (Western Australia) Belemnocrinoidea indet., Synbathocrinus campanulatus, Synbathocrinus constrictus (120567) Synbathocrinus campanulatus, Synbathocrinus constrictus (88211 120562 120563 120564) Synbathocrinus constrictus (120565 120566) Synbathocrinus sp. (95195)
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1Canada (British Columbia) Synbathocrinus n. sp. (98045)