PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Prenocephale

Reptilia

Taxonomy

Prenocephale was named by Maryańska and Osmólska (1974).

It was assigned to Pachycephalosauria by Kielan-Jaworowska (1984), Maryanska and Osmólska (1985); to Domocephalinae by Sereno (1986), Goodwin et al. (1998); to Pachycephalosauridae by Maryańska and Osmólska (1974), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Bonaparte (1978), Dong (1978), Wall and Galton (1979), Carroll (1988), Maryanska (1990), Olshevsky and Ford (1994), Sues (1997), Barsbold (1997), Sullivan (2000), Eberth et al. (2001), Maryanska et al. (2004), Sullivan (2006), Butler et al. (2008), Schott et al. (2009), Williamson et al. (2009); to Eupachycephalosauria by Dieudonné et al. (2020); and to Pachycephalosaurinae by Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Sereno (2000), Sullivan (2003), Williamson and Carr (2003), Williamson and Carr (2006), Woodruff et al. (2021).

Species

P. prenes

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1974	Prenocephale Maryańska and Osmólska p. 53
1977	Prenocephale Rozhdestvensky p. 114
1978	Prenocephale Bonaparte p. 466
1978	Prenocephale Dong p. 227
1979	Prenocephale Wall and Galton p. 1182
1984	Prenocephale Kielan-Jaworowska p. 103
1985	Prenocephale Maryanska and Osmólska p. 141
1986	Prenocephale Sereno
1988	Prenocephale Carroll
1990	Prenocephale Maryanska p. 566
1994	Prenocephale Olshevsky and Ford p. 91
1997	Prenocephale Barsbold p. 449
1997	Prenocephale Sereno p. 440 fig. 2
1997	Prenocephale Sues p. 512
1998	Prenocephale Goodwin et al. p. 371
1998	Prenocephale Sereno p. 68
1999	Prenocephale Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000	Prenocephale Sereno p. 482
2000	Prenocephale Sullivan p. 177
2001	Prenocephale Eberth et al. p. 57
2003	Prenocephale Sullivan p. 196
2003	Prenocephale Williamson and Carr fig. 11
2004	Prenocephale Maryanska et al. p. 465
2006	Prenocephale Sullivan pp. 353-354
2006	Prenocephale Williamson and Carr p. 325 fig. 2
2008	Prenocephale Butler et al. p. 8
2009	Prenocephale Schott et al. p. 781 fig. 8
2009	Prenocephale Williamson et al. p. 292
2020	Prenocephale Dieudonné et al.
2021	Prenocephale Woodruff et al. p. 588 fig. 14

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Eugnathostomata
—	Teleostomi	(Bonaparte 1836)
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Cerapoda
—	Marginocephalia
—	Pachycephalosauria	()
—	Eupachycephalosauria
genus	Prenocephale

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Prenocephale Maryańska and Osmólska 1974

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†Prenocephale prenes Maryańska and Osmólska 1974

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
T. Maryańska and H. Osmólska 1974	Genus monotypic: diagnosis, stratigraphic and geographic distribution - as for the species.
R. M. Sullivan 2006	Prenocephale is a fully-domed pachycephalosaurid that is distinguished from all other pachycephalosaurids by having a single row of nodes located along the lateral and posterior portions of the squamosal, and a lower (lateroventral) corner node on each squamosal. Four species are recognized: P. prenes, P. goodwini, P. brevis and P. edmontonensis. In the latter two species the medial-most nodesstraddle the parietal-squamosal contacts of both sides. The nodes are restricted to the squamosals in the former two species. All lack a parietosquamosal shelf (a condition presumed in P. brevis) and supratemporal fenestrae.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yesg

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Maximum body mass:

100 kgg

Minimum body mass:

30 kgg

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2005-08-25 05:50:06

Modified:

2005-08-25 07:50:06

Source: g = genus, o = order

References: Marsh 1875, Peczkis 1995

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Campanian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 83.60000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (5 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Mexico)	P. sp. (47821)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pachycephalosauria indet. (55257 127670) Pachycephalosauridae indet. (127681 180706)