PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Paraptenodytes

Reptilia - Spheniscidae

Taxonomy

Paraptenodytes was named by Ameghino (1891).

It was assigned to Paraptenodytinae by Simpson (1946), Brodkorb (1963) and Acosta Hospitaleche (2005); and to Spheniscidae by Ameghino (1891), Ameghino (1901), Ameghino (1905), Lambrecht (1933), Simpson (1972), Carroll (1988), Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi (2008) and Tambussi et al. (2023).

Species

P. antarcticus, P. brodkorbi, P. robustus (syn. P. crassus, Arthrodytes grandis, Isotremornis nordenskjoldi, P. curtus)

Synonyms

Metancylornis was named by Ameghino (1905).

It was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes by Simpson (1972) and Acosta Hospitaleche (2005).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Ameghino (1905) and Lambrecht (1933); and to Paraptenodytinae by Simpson (1946).
Isotremornis was named by Ameghino (1905).

It was synonymized subjectively with Paraptenodytes by Simpson (1972) and Acosta Hospitaleche (2005).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Ameghino (1905) and Lambrecht (1933); and to Paraptenodytinae by Simpson (1946) and Brodkorb (1963).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1891	Paraptenodytes Ameghino p. 447
1901	Paraptenodytes Ameghino p. 81
1905	Metancylornis Ameghino p. 129
1905	Isotremornis Ameghino p. 134
1905	Paraptenodytes Ameghino p. 138
1933	Metancylornis Lambrecht p. 231
1933	Isotremornis Lambrecht p. 232
1933	Paraptenodytes Lambrecht p. 232
1946	Metancylornis Simpson p. 32
1946	Isotremornis Simpson p. 33
1946	Paraptenodytes Simpson p. 33
1963	Paraptenodytes Brodkorb p. 238
1963	Isotremornis Brodkorb p. 239
1972	Paraptenodytes Simpson p. 18
1988	Paraptenodytes Carroll
2005	Paraptenodytes Acosta Hospitaleche p. 407
2008	Paraptenodytes Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi p. 117
2023	Paraptenodytes Tambussi et al. p. 273

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda

Rank	Name	Author
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Paraves
class	Aves
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
—	Aequornithes
—	Feraequornithes
superorder	Procellariimorphae
—	Sphenisciformes	(Sharpe 1891)
family	Spheniscidae	Bonaparte 1831
genus	Paraptenodytes

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891

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†Paraptenodytes antarcticus Moreno and Mercerat 1891

†Paraptenodytes brodkorbi Simpson 1972

†Paraptenodytes robustus Ameghino 1894

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Invalid names: Arthrodytes grandis Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotremornis nordenskjoldi Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Paraptenodytes crassus Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Paraptenodytes curtus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

Invalid names: Isotremornis Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Metancylornis Ameghino 1905 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2017-04-17 10:40:01

Modified:

2017-04-17 10:40:01

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983, Bush and Bambach 2015

Age range: base of the Aquitanian to the top of the Santacrucian or 23.03000 to 16.30000 Ma

Collections (4 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Argentina	Metancylornis curtus, Isotremornis nordenskjoldi, Arthrodytes grandis, P. brodkorbi (45887)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Argentina (Chubut)	Palaeospheniscus antarcticus (142513)
Aquitanian - Burdigalian	23.03 - 15.97	Argentina (Chubut)	Palaeospheniscus robustus, Palaeospheniscus antarcticus, Treleudytes crassus (47303)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Palaeospheniscus antarcticus (27313)