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Spheniscus
Taxonomy
Spheniscus was named by Brisson (1760). It is extant.
It was assigned to Spheniscinae by Simpson (1946); and to Spheniscidae by Carroll (1988), Stucchi et al. (2003), Gohlich (2007), Soto-Acuña et al. (2008), Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi (2008), del Hoyo et al. (2014) and Clements et al. (2017).
It was assigned to Spheniscinae by Simpson (1946); and to Spheniscidae by Carroll (1988), Stucchi et al. (2003), Gohlich (2007), Soto-Acuña et al. (2008), Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi (2008), del Hoyo et al. (2014) and Clements et al. (2017).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1760 | Spheniscus Brisson |
| 1946 | Spheniscus Simpson p. 41 |
| 1988 | Spheniscus Carroll |
| 2003 | Spheniscus Stucchi et al. p. 363 |
| 2007 | Spheniscus Gohlich p. 286 |
| 2008 | Spheniscus Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi p. 121 |
| 2008 | Spheniscus Soto-Acuña et al. p. 123 |
| 2014 | Spheniscus del Hoyo et al. |
| 2017 | Spheniscus Clements et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Spheniscus Brisson 1760
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†Spheniscus chilensis Emslie and Correa 2003
Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus 1758 [African penguin]
Spheniscus humboldti Meyen 1834 [Humboldt penguin]
Spheniscus magellanicus Forster 1781 [Magellanic penguin]
†Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003
Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall 1871 [Galapagos penguin]
†Spheniscus muizoni Gohlich 2007
†Spheniscus urbinai Stucchi 2002
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Benton 1983, Bush and Bambach 2015, Marsh 1875 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Miocene to the top of the Holocene or 11.60800 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 7.246 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 7.246 Ma
Collections (22 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miocene - Pliocene | Chile (Huasco) | S. sp. (100178) | |
| Tortonian | Peru (Arequipa) | S. urbinai (45485) | |
| Tortonian | Peru (Ica) | S. sp. (172172) | |
| Tortonian | Antarctica | S. sp. (154689) | |
| Tortonian | Peru | S. sp. (183918) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Peru (Ica) | S. muizoni (45487) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Chile | Palaeospheniscus sp. (100137) S. megaramphus, S. urbinai (100171) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | Chile (Copiapó) | S. muizoni (224050) | |
| Messinian | Peru | S. urbinai, S. humboldti (13079) | |
| Messinian | Peru (Caraveli) | S. megaramphus, S. urbinai (46084) | |
| Messinian | Chile (Atacama) | S. sp. (55535) | |
| Pliocene | Chile | S. sp. (100173) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | South Africa (Langebaanweg) | S. predmersus (21713) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Chile | S. chilensis (100174) | |
| Piacenzian | Peru | S. sp. (219058) | |
| Calabrian | Peru (Ica) | S. sp. (219059) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | South Africa | S. demersus (115188) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | South Africa | S. demersus (115225) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | S. demersus (177146 177147 177148) |