Eudyptes calauina was named by Chávez Hoffmeister et al. (2014) [Larger than Megadyptes antipodes, Spheniscus chilensis and S. humboldti; but smaller than S. urbinai and Pygoscelis grandis. The tarsometatarsus is on average 30% larger than Eudyptes sclateri, 16% larger than Megadyptes antipodes and 12% larger than Madrynornis. Based on the humerus, E. calauina can be differentiated from other species of the genus by (i) the presence of a slightly concave and asymmetrical proximal border of the tricipital fossa in ventral view instead of the stronger symmetrical concavity common in extant species, (ii) a more robust humeral shaft with a robustness index (proximodistal length/ventrodorsal width at middle point) of 4 whereas in extant species it is between 4.5 and 4.9 (see Character 176 in Document S1), and (iii) a scapulotricipital sulcus separated from the humerotricipital sulcus and not dorsally connected as in other species. At the level of the tarsometatarsus, it can be differentiated by (i) an elongation index between 1.7 and 1.8 (Figure 2), (ii) a moderately deep medial dorsal sulcus instead of the occasionally shallow one observed in other species, (iii) a strongly dorsoplantarly compressed lateral edge of metatarsus IV creating a sharp edge in lateral view, unlike the wider and rounded edge in extant species, and (iv) a slightly pointed trochlea II with parallel medial and lateral edges in plantar view, instead of the strongly pointed one with a more rounded medial edge of extant species. An expanded description of the specimens assigned to E. calauina is provided in Document S1.]. Its type specimen is SGO-PV 21487, a limb element (complete right tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Horcón, which is in a Piacenzian coastal sandstone in the Horcon Formation of Chile.