PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Squalicorax (crow shark)

Chondrichthyes - Lamniformes - Anacoracidae

Taxonomy

Squalicorax was named by Whitley (1939) [Sepkoski's age data: K Albi K Maes-u Sepkoski's reference number: 525,863,884].

It was assigned to Isuridae by Miller (1967); to Anacoracoidei by Case (1979); to Lamnidae by Uyeno et al. (1981); to Lamniformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Anacoracidae by Applegate (1970), Cappetta and Case (1975), Herman (1977), Case (1978), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Werner (1989), Case et al. (1990), Case (1991), Müller and Diedrich (1991), Siverson (1992), Siverson (1996), Shimada (1996), Siverson (1997), Cappetta and Case (1999), Zalmout and Mustafa (2001), Cappetta and Odin (2001), Cicimurri (2003), Niedźwiedzki and Kalina (2003), Forey et al. (2003), Shimada (2006), Shimada et al. (2006), Vullo et al. (2007), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Shimada and Martin (2008), Bogan and Agnolin (2010), Underwood et al. (2011), Bourdon et al. (2011), Guinot et al. (2013), Prámparo et al. (2013), Cappetta et al. (2014), Cicimurri et al. (2014), Corral et al. (2016), Bice and Shimada (2016), Siversson and Machalski (2017), Siversson and Cook (2018), Guinot and Carrillo-Briceño (2018), Hoganson et al. (2019), Amalfitano et al. (2020), Maisch et al. (2021), Ebersole et al. (2022), Guinot et al. (2023).

Species

Anacorax kugleri, Anacorax papulovi, Anacorax plicatus, Anacorax santonicus, Corax jaekeli, Corax kaupi, Microanacorax praeyangaensis, Palaeoanacorax intermedius, Palaeoanacorax pamiricus, Palaeoanacorax volgensis, Paraanacorax obruchevi, Priscusurus adruptodontus, S. acutus, S. africanus, S. arnaudi, S. baharijensis, S. bassanii, S. bazzii, S. benguerirensis, S. bernardezi, S. coquandi, S. crassidens, S. curvatus, S. dalinkeviciusi, S. deckeri, S. dubius, S. falcatus (syn. Corax boreaui, Corax obliquus, Galeocerdo hartwellii, Corax elongatus, Corax heterodon), S. incisus, S. intermedius, S. kaupi (syn. S. lindstromi), S. kugleri, S. laevis, S. lalunaensis, S. maximus, S. microserratus, S. minor, S. mississippiensis, S. moodyi, S. mutabilis, S. parallelus, S. pawpawensis, S. primaevus, S. primigenius, S. primulus, S. priscoserratus, S. pristodontus, S. sagisicus, S. trapezoidalis, S. yangaensis

Species lacking formal opinion data

S. bassani, S. lindstroemi, S. pristodontis, S. pristondotus

Synonyms

Eoanacorax was named by Glikman and Shvazhaite (1971). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Siverson (1997), Cappetta et al. (2014).
Anacorax was named by White and Moy-Thomas (1940).

It was synonymized objectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta (1973), Cappetta et al. (2014).

It was assigned to Anacoracidae by Casier (1958).
Palaeoanacorax was named by Glickman (1971). Its type is Palaeoanacorax volgensis.

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014), Siversson and Cook (2018).

It was assigned to Anacoracidae by Underwood and Cumbaa (2010), Guinot et al. (2013).
Squalicorax primulus was named by Müller and Diedrich (1991).

It was recombined as Palaeoanacorax primulus by Underwood and Cumbaa (2010); it was considered a nomen dubium by Siversson and Cook (2018).
Palaeoanacorax volgensis was named by Glickman (1971). It is the type species of Palaeoanacorax.

It was recombined as Squalicorax volgensis by Siverson (1996), Cappetta and Case (1999), Cicimurri (2001), Cicimurri (2004), Shimada and Martin (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Siversson and Cook (2018).
Priscusurus was named by Kriwet (2006).

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Guinot and Carrillo-Briceño (2018).
Priscusurus adruptodontus was named by Kriwet (2006).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Guinot and Carrillo-Briceño (2018).
Paraanacorax was named by Glikman (1980).

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014).

It was assigned to Anacoracidae by Glikman (1980).
Praeptychocorax was named by Glikman (1980).

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014).

It was assigned to Anacoracidae by Glikman (1980).
Microanacorax was named by Glikman (1980). Its type is Corax yangaensis.

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014).

It was assigned to Anacoracidae by Glikman (1980).
Palaeocorax was named by Glikman (1956).

It was replaced with Sinkorax by Whitley (1965); it was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014).
Sinkorax was named by Whitley (1965).

It was synonymized subjectively with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014).
Corax was named by Agassiz (1843).

It was synonymized subjectively with Galeocerdo by Leidy (1873); it was replaced with Anacorax by White and Moy-Thomas (1940); it was replaced with Squalicorax by Cappetta et al. (2014).

It was assigned to Carcharidae by Alessandri (1896); to Carcharodontinae by Hay (1902); to Isuridae by Rapp (1946); and to Lamnidae by Woodward (1889), Jordan (1963).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1843	Corax Agassiz p. 224
1889	Corax Woodward p. 422
1896	Corax Alessandri p. 722
1902	Corax Hay p. 309
1939	Squalicorax Whitley
1940	Anacorax White and Moy-Thomas p. 506
1946	Corax Rapp p. 510
1956	Palaeocorax Glikman p. 1051
1958	Anacorax Casier p. 55
1963	Corax Jordan p. 599
1965	Sinkorax Whitley p. 25
1967	Squalicorax Miller p. 223
1970	Squalicorax Applegate p. 393
1971	Palaeoanacorax Glickman
1971	Palaeoanacorax volgensis Glickman
1971	Eoanacorax Glikman and Shvazhaite
1975	Squalicorax Cappetta and Case p. 7
1977	Squalicorax Herman p. 105
1978	Squalicorax Case p. 186
1979	Squalicorax Case p. 79
1980	Palaeoanacorax volgensis Glikman p. 97 figs. Pl 13, fig 18
1980	Paraanacorax Glikman p. 101
1980	Praeptychocorax Glikman p. 105
1980	Microanacorax Glikman p. 115
1981	Squalicorax Thurmond and Jones p. 57
1981	Squalicorax Uyeno et al. pp. 83-84 figs. pl. 1, fg. F-I
1988	Squalicorax Case and Schwimmer p. 294
1989	Squalicorax Werner p. 35
1990	Squalicorax Case et al. p. 1088
1991	Squalicorax Case p. 6
1991	Squalicorax primulus Müller and Diedrich
1991	Squalicorax Müller and Diedrich p. 38
1992	Squalicorax Siverson p. 548
1996	Squalicorax Shimada p. 10
1996	Squalicorax Siverson p. 844
1996	Squalicorax volgensis Siverson p. 845 figs. Pl 6, figs 1-12
1997	Squalicorax Siverson p. 461
1999	Squalicorax Cappetta and Case p. 12
1999	Squalicorax volgensis Cappetta and Case p. 14 figs. Pl 4, figs 7,8; pl 5, fig 1
2001	Squalicorax Cappetta and Odin p. 647
2001	Squalicorax volgensis Cicimurri p. 186 fig. 5h
2001	Squalicorax Zalmout and Mustafa pp. 395-397 figs. 5-8, plate 3
2002	Squalicorax Sepkoski
2003	Squalicorax Cicimurri p. 9 figs. 5, C
2003	Squalicorax Forey et al. p. 227
2003	Squalicorax Niedźwiedzki and Kalina p. 21 figs. 4.5; 5.3
2004	Squalicorax volgensis Cicimurri p. 9 fig. 5D
2006	Priscusurus Kriwet
2006	Priscusurus adruptodontus Kriwet
2006	Squalicorax Shimada p. 167
2006	Squalicorax Shimada et al. p. 8
2007	Squalicorax Cahuzac et al. p. 22
2007	Squalicorax Vullo et al. p. 105
2008	Squalicorax Shimada and Martin p. 91
2008	Squalicorax volgensis Shimada and Martin p. 92 fig. 5C
2010	Squalicorax Bogan and Agnolin
2010	Palaeoanacorax Underwood and Cumbaa p. 932
2010	Palaeoanacorax primulus Underwood and Cumbaa p. 932
2010	Palaeoanacorax volgensis Underwood and Cumbaa p. 932
2011	Squalicorax Bourdon et al. p. 15
2011	Squalicorax Underwood et al. p. 547
2013	Palaeoanacorax Guinot et al. p. 625
2013	Squalicorax Guinot et al. p. 629
2013	Squalicorax Prámparo et al.
2014	Squalicorax Cappetta et al. p. 11
2014	Squalicorax Cicimurri et al. pp. 16-18 figs. 11A-H
2016	Squalicorax Bice and Shimada p. 178
2016	Squalicorax Corral et al. p. 645
2017	Squalicorax Siversson and Machalski p. 456
2018	Squalicorax Guinot and Carrillo-Briceño p. 5
2018	Squalicorax Siversson and Cook p. 92
2019	Squalicorax Hoganson et al. p. 28
2020	Squalicorax Amalfitano et al. p. 266
2021	Squalicorax Maisch et al. p. 12
2022	Squalicorax Ebersole et al. p. 381
2023	Squalicorax Guinot et al. pp. 5-6 figs. 3A-B

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata

Rank	Name	Author
class	Chondrichthyes
subclass	Euselachii	()
—	Neoselachii	Compagno 1977
superorder	Galeomorphii	Compagno 1973
order	Lamniformes	Berg 1958
family	Anacoracidae	Casier 1947
genus	Squalicorax	Whitley 1939

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Squalicorax Whitley 1939 [crow shark]

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†Squalicorax acutus Siversson and Cook 2018

†Squalicorax africanus Cappetta 1991

†Squalicorax arnaudi Coquand 1859

†Squalicorax baharijensis Stromer 1927

†Squalicorax bassanii Gemmellaro 1919

†Squalicorax bazzii Siversson and Cook 2018

†Squalicorax benguerirensis Cappetta et al. 2014

†Squalicorax bernardezi Guinot et al. 2013

†Squalicorax coquandi Vullo et al. 2007

†Squalicorax crassidens Cope 1872

Squalicorax curvatus Williston 1900

†Squalicorax dalinkeviciusi Glikman and Shvazhaite 1971

†Squalicorax deckeri Bice and Shimada 2016

†Squalicorax dubius Noetling 1885

†Squalicorax falcatus Agassiz 1843

†Palaeoanacorax obliquus subserratus Glikman 1980

Invalid names: Corax boreaui Coquand 1860 [synonym], Corax elongatus Coquand 1860 [synonym], Corax heterodon Reuss 1845 [synonym], Corax obliquus Reuss 1845 [synonym], Galeocerdo hartwellii Cope 1872 [synonym]

†Squalicorax incisus Egerton 1844

†Squalicorax intermedius Glickman 1971

†Squalicorax kaupi Agassiz 1843

Invalid names: Squalicorax lindstromi Davis 1890 [synonym]

†Squalicorax kugleri Leriche 1938

†Squalicorax laevis Giebel 1848

†Squalicorax lalunaensis Guinot and Carrillo-Briceño 2018

†Squalicorax maximus Dixon 1850

†Squalicorax microserratus Cappetta et al. 2014

†Squalicorax minor Giebel 1847

†Squalicorax mississippiensis Sokolov 1978

†Squalicorax moodyi Guinot and Carrillo-Briceño 2018

†Squalicorax mutabilis Siversson and Cook 2018

†Squalicorax parallelus Coquand 1859

†Squalicorax pawpawensis Siverson et al. 2007

†Squalicorax primaevus Dalinkevičius 1935

†Squalicorax primigenius Landemaine 1991

†Squalicorax priscoserratus Siverson et al. 2007

†Squalicorax pristodontus Agassiz 1835 [crow shark]

†Squalicorax sagisicus Glikman 1980

†Squalicorax trapezoidalis Coquand 1859

†Squalicorax yangaensis Dartevelle and Casier 1943

Invalid names: Anacorax White and Moy-Thomas 1940 [synonym], Corax Agassiz 1843 [replaced], Eoanacorax Glikman and Shvazhaite 1971 [synonym], Microanacorax Glikman 1980 [synonym], Palaeoanacorax Glickman 1971 [synonym], Palaeoanacorax volgensis Glickman 1971 [nomen dubium], Palaeocorax Glikman 1956 [synonym], Paraanacorax Glikman 1980 [synonym], Praeptychocorax Glikman 1980 [synonym], Priscusurus Kriwet 2006 [synonym], Priscusurus adruptodontus Kriwet 2006 [nomen dubium], Sinkorax Whitley 1965 [synonym], Squalicorax primulus Müller and Diedrich 1991 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinesubp

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

nektonico

Diet:

carnivoreo

Created:

2009-07-21 07:05:21

Modified:

2009-07-21 09:05:21

Source: o = order, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Aptian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 121.40000 to 66.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 119.57 Ma

Collections (370 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Cretaceous	143.1 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Squalicorax pristodontus (125224)
Early/Lower Aptian	121.4 - 119.57	India	Squalicorax sp. (239333)
Early/Lower Albian	113.2 - 110.1	France (Marne)	Squalicorax primaevus (235560)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	Australia (Western Australia)	Squalicorax primaevus (90688)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	Switzerland	Corax falcatus (2237)
Albian - Cenomanian	113.2 - 93.9	Mexico (Hidalgo)	Squalicorax sp. (135815)
Albian - Maastrichtian	113.2 - 66.0	USA (Louisiana)	Squalicorax pristodontus (161201)
Middle Albian	110.1 - 106.3	France (Marne)	Squalicorax primaevus (169108 235563 235567)
Middle Albian	110.1 - 106.3	France (Haute-Marne)	Squalicorax primaevus (235569)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	Poland	Squalicorax sp. (213375)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	Ukraine	Squalicorax sp. (214236)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	Lithuania	Corax falcatus, Oxyrhina primaeva (213710) Oxyrhina primaeva (213709)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	Australia (Western Australia)	Squalicorax sp. (215557) Squalicorax sp. A, Squalicorax sp. B (215556)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	USA (Texas)	Squalicorax sp. (52126) Squalicorax volgensis (213307)
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian	106.3 - 93.9	Kazakhstan	Palaeoanacorax volgensis, Squalicorax baharijensis (175010)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Russian Federation (Saratov)	Palaeocorax falcatus (241522 241523 241524)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Russian Federation (Moscow)	Palaeoanacorax volgensis (214537)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Australia (Western Australia)	Squalicorax curvatus, Squalicorax volgensis (215794)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (Arkansas)	Squalicorax falcatus (223862)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Germany (Westphalia)	Squalicorax falcatus (210063)