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Dinohippus spectans

Osteichthyes - Perissodactyla - Equidae

Taxonomy
Hippidium spectans was named by Cope (1880). Its type specimen is AMNH 8183, a set of teeth (a left superior molar, M2, and an associated or referred upper premolar, P2), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Hippidion spectans by Trouessart (1892), Trouessart (1898), Hay (1902); it was recombined as Pliohippus spectans by Zittel (1893), Roger (1896), Matthew (1899), Trouessart (1905), Gidley (1907), Merriam and Sinclair (1907), Cope and Matthew (1915), Merriam (1917), Osborn (1918), Merriam et al. (1925), Hay (1930), Quinn (1955), Macdonald (1959), Shotwell (1963), MacFadden (1998); it was recombined as Protohippus spectans by Matthew (1909); it was recombined as Pliohippus (Pliohippus) spectans by Stirton (1940); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992); it was recombined as Dinohippus spectans by Creely et al. (1982), Kelly and Lander (1988), Hulbert (1989), Kelly (1995), Kelly (1998), Kelly and Secord (2009).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1880Hippidium spectans Cope
1892Hippidion spectans Trouessart
1893Hippidium spectans Cope p. 43
1893Pliohippus spectans Zittel
1896Pliohippus spectans Roger
1898Hippidion spectans Trouessart
1899Pliohippus spectans Matthew
1902Hippidion spectans Hay p. 619
1905Pliohippus spectans Trouessart
1907Pliohippus spectans Gidley p. 898
1907Pliohippus spectans Merriam and Sinclair
1909Protohippus spectans Matthew
1915Pliohippus spectans Cope and Matthew pp. Plate CXLVIIIa
1917Pliohippus spectans Merriam p. 428
1918Pliohippus spectans Osborn p. 165 figs. Plate 28.2. Text Fig. 132
1925Pliohippus spectans Merriam et al.
1930Pliohippus spectans Hay
1940Pliohippus (Pliohippus) spectans Stirton p. 192
1955Pliohippus spectans Quinn p. 17
1959Pliohippus spectans Macdonald
1963Pliohippus spectans Shotwell p. 75
1982Dinohippus spectans Creely et al.
1988Dinohippus spectans Kelly and Lander
1989Dinohippus spectans Hulbert, Jr.
1995Dinohippus spectans Kelly p. 14
1998Dinohippus spectans Kelly
1998Pliohippus spectans MacFadden p. 550
2009Dinohippus spectans Kelly and Secord p. 138

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
RankNameAuthor
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
superfamilyEquoidea
familyEquidae
subfamilyEquinae
tribeEquini
genusDinohippus
speciesspectans()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Dinohippus spectans Cope 1880
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Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
H. F. Osborn 1918(Cope, 1880) (1) Molar teeth of larger size than those of.any of the extinct American horses excepting
Equus excelsus, about equalling those of Hippidium neogceum Lund; (2) crowns very long, slightly curved; (3) roots short; (4) internal columns [protocone, hypocone] relatively small, subequal in size, flattened in outline; (5) fossettes of great transverse width, equal to the anteroposterior diameters; (6) crescents [pa, me, pl, ml] correspondingly narrow; (7) enamel borders of fossettes simple, there being only a few notches on the adjacent faces; (8) one loop [pli caballin] projecting from inner enamel border almost reaching anterior inner column [protocone]; (9) cement abundant; (10) a crochet fold projecting into prefossette.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingsubf
Diet: browserg
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2009-01-04 10:30:04
Modified: 2009-01-04 12:59:11
Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: MacFadden 1998, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Clarendonian to the top of the Miocene or 12.50000 to 5.33300 Ma

Collections (19 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Miocene23.04 - 5.333USA (Nevada) Pliohippus spectans (19129)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (California) Pliohippus spectans (19515)
Late/Upper Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Oregon) Pliohippus spectans (19036)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (California) Pliohippus spectans (19447)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Oregon) Pliohippus spectans (18806 18935 18936 18943 18999 19015)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Nevada) Pliohippus spectans (18921 18973 18974 18984 19059 19060)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Texas) Hippidium spectans (18175)
early Early Hemphillian - late Early Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Idaho) Pliohippus spectans (218109 218111)