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Chitonida

Polyplacophora - Chitonida

Taxonomy
Chitonida was named by Thiele (1909). It is extant.

It was assigned to Polyplacophora by Vendrasco et al. (2022); and to Neoloricata by Wu and Lee (2024).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1909Chitonida Thiele
2022Chitonida Vendrasco et al. p. 1049
2024Chitonida Wu and Lee

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
RankNameAuthor
phylumMollusca
—Serialia
classPolyplacophorade Blainville 1816
subclassNeoloricata(Bergenhayn 1955)
orderChitonidaThiele 1909
orderChitonidaThiele 1909

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Chitonida Thiele 1909
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Subor. Acanthochitonina Bergenhayn 1930
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Fm. Acanthochitonidae Pilsbry 1893
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G. Acanthochitona Gray 1821 [glass-hair chiton]
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†Acanthochitona avicula Carpenter 1864
†Acanthochitona crinita Pennant 1777
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Invalid names: Acanthochitona communis Sabelli and Taviani 1979 [synonym]
Subfm. Acanthochitoninae Pilsbry 1893
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G. Gymnoplax Gray 1821
G. †Bassethullia Pilsbry 1928
G. Craspedochiton Shuttleworth 1853
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+
Invalid names: Chiton squamosus Libassi 1859 [synonym], Gymnoplax deslongchampsi Rochebrune 1883 [synonym]
†Craspedochiton eernissei Dell'Angelo et al. 2011
G. Cryptochiton Middendorff 1847
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Cryptochiton stelleri Middendorf 1847 [giant Pacific chiton]
G. Cryptoconchus Burrow 1815
G. Cryptoplax Blainville 1818
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G. †Leptoplax Carpenter 1882
G. Notoplax Adams 1861
Invalid names: Callistochitoninae Berry 1922 [empty]
Fm. Chitonidae Rafinesque 1815
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Subfm. Acanthopleurinae Thiele 1910
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G. Acanthopleura Guilding 1829 [fuzzy chiton]
G. Chiton Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. †Chiton (Amaurochiton) Thiele 1893
Subg. Chiton (Chiton) Linnaeus 1758
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†Chiton (Chiton) berryi Smith et al. 1968
†Chiton (Chiton) rossi Smith et al. 1968
Subg. †Chiton (Poeciloplax) Thiele 1893
Subg. Chiton (Rhyssoplax) Thiele 1893
Chiton alveolus Loven 1846
†Chiton antiquus Conrad 1855
†Chiton cordatus Kirkby 1859
†Chiton deshayesi Terquem 1852
†Chiton eocenensis Conrad 1855
†Chiton grignionensis Lamarck 1802
†Chiton howseanus Kirkby 1857
†Chiton koninckii Eudes-Deslongchamps 1849
†Chiton rhaeticus Moore 1861
†Chiton sallustii Parona 1909
Chiton solaris Vendrasco et al. 2022
Chiton turberculatus Linnaeus 1758
Subfm. †Chitoninae Linnaeus 1758
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G. Enoplochiton Gray 1847
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Enoplochiton niger Barnes 1824
G. †Mucrosquama Iredale 1926
G. †Sypharochiton Thiele 1893
G. †Tegulaplax Iredale 1926
G. Tonicia Gray 1847
+
Subg. †Tonicia (Lucilina) Dall 1882
Subg. †Tonicia (Toniciopsis) Thiele 1893
†Tonicia pannonica Szots 1847
Tonicia schrammi Shuttleworth 1856
G. Onithochiton Gray 1847
Invalid names: Toniciinae [empty]
Fm. †Ischnochitonidae Dall 1889
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+
†Allochiton altus Fucini 1912
†Allochiton costulatus Fucini 1912
†Allochiton gemmellaroi Fucini 1912
Subfm. †Callochitoninae
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G. Eudoxochiton Shuttleworth 1853
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Subg. †Eudoxochiton (Eudoxoplax) Iredale 1916
Subfm. †Chaetopleurinae
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G. †Nuttallochiton Plate 1899
G. Cyanoplax Pilsbry 1892
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†Cyanoplax dentiens Gould 1846
†Cyanoplax hartwegii Carpenter 1855 [Hartweg's chiton]
Cyanoplax keepiana Berry 1948 [keep's chiton]
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†Heterochiton buccai Fucini 1912
†Heterochiton compressus Scalia 1903
†Heterochiton giganteus Scalia 1903
†Heterochiton vinassai Fucini 1912
†Heterochiton zitteli Scalia 1903
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G. Ischnochiton Gray 1847
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Subg. †Ischnochiton (Haploplax) Pilsbry 1894
Subg. †Ischnochiton (Heterozona) Carpenter 1879
Subg. †Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) Gray 1847
Subg. †Ischnochiton (Simplischnochiton) Van Belle 1974
Subg. †Ischnochiton (Stenosemus) Middendorff 1847
†Ischnochiton anserinus Laghi 1977
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Invalid names: Ischnochiton (Simplischnochiton) anserinus Laghi 1977 [synonym]
†Ischnochiton goederti Dell'Angelo et al. 2011
†Ischnochiton marloffsteinensis Fiedel and Keupp 1988
†Ischnochiton martinelli Angelo et al. 2004
†Ischnochiton rissoi Payraudeau 1826
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Invalid names: Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) rissoi Angelo and Smriglio 1999 [synonym], Ischnochiton (Simplischnochiton) rissoi Angelo 1999 [synonym]
G. †Stenochiton Adams 1864
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G. Lepidochitona Gray 1821
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†Lepidochitona caprearum Scacchi 1836
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Invalid names: Lepidochitona (Lepidochitona) caprearum Koskeridou 2009 [synonym], Middendorfia caprearum Laghi 1977 [synonym]
†Lepidochitona gantensis Dell'Angelo et al. 2014
Lepidochitona lowei Pilsbry 1918
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Invalid names: Cyanoplax fackenthallae Berry 1919 [synonym]
†Lepidochitona squiresi Dell'Angelo et al. 2011
†Lepidochitona szoetsi Dell'Angelo et al. 2014
†Lepidochitona viciani Dell'Angelo et al. 2014
†Lepidochitona washingtonensis Dell'Angelo et al. 2011
G. †Particulazona Kaas 1993
G. †Subterenochiton Iredale 1924
G. Lepidozona Pilsbry 1892
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†Lepidozona cooperi Carpenter 1879
†Lepidozona cowlitzensis Dell'Angelo et al. 2011
†Lepidozona mertensii Middendorff 1846
Lepidozona scrobiculata Middendorff 1847
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Invalid names: Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) sinudentatus Carpenter 1892 [synonym]
G. Stenoplax Carpenter 1879
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†Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) conspicua Carpenter 1879 [conspicuous chiton]
Subg. Stenoplax (Stenoradsia) Carpenter 1879
†Stenoplax conspicua Carpenter 1879 [conspicuous chiton]
†Stenoplax fallax Carpenter 1892
Stenoplax magdalenensis Hinds 1845 [magdalena chiton]
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Invalid names: Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) acrior Carpenter 1892 [synonym], Ischnochiton acrior Carpenter 1892 [synonym]
†Stenoplax quimperensis Dell'Angelo et al. 2011
G. †Stenosemus Middendorff 1847
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†Stenosemus dolii Van Belle and Angelo 1998
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Invalid names: Ischnochiton (Simplischnochiton) exaratus Angelo 1999 [synonym], Ischnochiton (Stenosemus) dolii Angelo and Smriglio 1999 [synonym], Ischnochiton exaratus Angelo and Giusti 1997 [synonym], Ischnochiton vanbellei Smriglio 1989 [synonym], Lepidozona dorsuosa Laghi 1977 [synonym]
G. Tonicella Carpenter 1873
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Tonicella lineata Wood 1815 [lined red chiton]
Tonicella marmorea Fabrius 1780
G. Tripoplax Berry 1919
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†Tripoplax regularis Carpenter 1855
Tripoplax trifida Carpenter 1864
Fm. Loricidae Iredale and Hull 1923
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G. Lorica Adams and A. 1852
Fm. Callistoplacidae Dall 1879
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G. Ceratozona Dall 1882
G. †Middendorfia Dall 1879
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†Middendorfia corrugis Boettger 1869
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Invalid names: Chiton etrechyensis de Rochebrune 1882 [synonym], Tonicia mammillata de Rochebrune 1882 [synonym]
G. Nuttallina Dall 1871
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Nuttallina californica Reeve 1847 [scaly chiton]
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Invalid names: Nuttallina fluxa Carpenter 1864 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitec
Environment: marine, brackishc
Locomotion: facultatively mobilec
Attached: yesc
Life habit: epifaunalc
Diet: grazerc
Vision: limitedc
Created: 2007-09-07 09:30:10
Modified: 2010-02-15 05:49:47
Source: c = class
Reference: Kiessling 2003

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wuchiapingian to the top of the Holocene or 259.51000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 254.14 Ma

Collections (144 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14United Kingdom (England) Chiton howseanus (109718)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14United Kingdom Chiton sp. (130853)
Jurassic201.4 - 143.1France Chiton deshayesi (91209)
Sinemurian199.5 - 192.9Italy Allochiton altus, Heterochiton buccai, Allochiton costulatus, Heterochiton compressus, Allochiton gemmellaroi, Heterochiton giganteus, Heterochiton zitteli, Heterochiton vinassai (91197)
Margaritatus192.9 - 184.2Germany Ischnochiton marloffsteinensis (139314)
Aalenian174.7 - 170.9United Kingdom Chiton rhaeticus (91223)
Bathonian168.2 - 165.3France Chiton dangeardi, Chiton broilusi (38738) Chiton koninckii (91221)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Italy Chiton sallustii (91224)
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2USA (Tennessee) Chiton cretaceous (88357)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Puerto Rico Chiton rossi (66738)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0USA (Georgia) Chiton berryi (91198 215512)
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Puerto Rico Chiton rossi (215513)
Danian66.0 - 61.66USA (Texas) Onithochiton macronodulina (205466)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07USA (Washington) Lepidochitona squiresi (176361)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03United Kingdom (England) Stenoplax anglica (8124)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03France Chiton grignionensis (184110 184815) Chiton grinionensis (184107)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (Washington) Leptochiton alveolus (172002)
Lutetian - Bartonian48.07 - 37.71Hungary Tonicia pannonica, Lepidochitona szoetsi, Lepidochitona gantensis, Lepidochitona viciani (172909)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Alabama) Chiton prostremus, Chiton eocenensis (90600)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Louisiana) Chiton sp. (44410 44518)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Mississippi) Chiton sp. (99734)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (Washington) Ischnochiton sp. A, Stenoplax sp. A, Stenoplax sp. B (40733) Stenoplax quimperensis (91606)
Priabonian - Rupelian37.71 - 27.3USA (Washington) Ischnochiton sp. B, Lepidochitona lioplax, Lepidochitona sp., Ischnochiton goederti, Craspedochiton eernissei (180196) Lepidochitona washingtonensis (180194)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3USA (Washington) Leptochiton alveolus (193971)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3USA (Washington) Stenoplax sp. A (62246)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Belgium Middendorfia corrugis (111371)
Duntroonian27.3 - 25.2New Zealand (South Island) Lorica sp., Rhyssoplax sp. (219615)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04USA (Washington) Leptochiton alveolus (4869)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Marshall Islands Cryptoplax sp. A (78032 78033)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Japan Lepidozona sp. (44958)
Sarmatian12.8 - 11.63Slovakia Acanthochitona sp., Chiton sp., Cryptoplax sp. (145974)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Marshall Islands Acanthochitona sp. (78025) Acanthochitona sp., Cryptoplax sp. A (77976) Cryptoplax sp. B (77977)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Palau Lucilina sp. A (77930)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Australia (South Australia) Cryptoplax ludbrookae (63436)
Late/Upper Miocene - Pliocene11.63 - 2.58Chile (Huasco) Chiton vetustus (223683)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333USA (California) Callistochiton elenensis, Chiton solaris (227380)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Fiji Cryptoplax sp., Lucilina sp. B, Cryptoplax menkrawitensis (78060)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Marshall Islands Acanthochitona sp. (43320) Lucilina russelli (77989)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Fiji Lucilina sp. B (68180)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58USA (California) Cryptochiton stelleri (207044) Ischnochiton conspicuus (120820)
Zanclean - Gelasian5.333 - 1.8USA (California) Callistochiton palmulatus (214262 214263 214272)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58USA (California) Callistochiton palmulatus (200398) Ischnochiton sp. (238436)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Italy Chiton sp., Acanthochitona fascicularis, Ischnochiton rissoi, Ischnochiton anserinus, Ischnochiton martinelli, Stenosemus dolii, Craspedochiton altavillensis (175549) Chiton sp., Acanthochitona fascicularis, Ischnochiton rissoi, Ischnochiton anserinus, Ischnochiton martinelli, Stenosemus dolii, Lepidochitona caprearum, Acanthochitona crinita, Craspedochiton altavillensis (175552) Chiton sp., Acanthochitona fascicularis, Stenosemus dolii, Craspedochiton altavillensis (175548) Chiton sp., Craspedochiton altavillensis (175550) Chiton sp., Stenosemus dolii, Craspedochiton altavillensis (175551) Ischnochiton anserinus, Stenosemus dolii, Craspedochiton altavillensis (175395)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Marshall Islands Lucilina sp. B (43332)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58South Africa (Western Cape) Chiton sp. (118257 118306 118317 118318)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (California) Callistochiton palmulatus (186031)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene3.6 - 0.0117South Africa (Western Cape) Chiton nigrovirescens (110489)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8USA (California) Callistochiton sp. (189767)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774USA (California) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Callistochiton decoratus, Stenoplax heathiana (202496) Callistochiton sp., Nuttallina sp., Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Callistochiton decoratus, Stenoplax heathiana (202495) Ischnochiton magdalenensis (187025)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774South Africa (Western Cape) Chiton sp. (118303)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774Panama Tonicia schrammi (80304)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774United Kingdom (England) Chiton sp. (97962 97964 97967 97968)
Early/Lower Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Italy (Livorno) Chiton olivaceus, Acanthochitona fascicularis (173663)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (California) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cryptochiton stelleri, Ischnochiton conspicuus, Ischnochiton fallax, Ischnochiton magdalenensis, Ischnochiton acrior, Ischnochiton cooperi, Ischnochiton mertensii, Ischnochiton sinudentatus, Callistochiton palmulatus (138719) Cryptochiton stelleri (207043) Cryptochiton stelleri, Ischnochiton conspicuus, Ischnochiton acrior (139843) Ischnochiton conspicuus (237610) Ischnochiton radians, Ischnochiton decipiens, Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Nuttallina californica, Ischnochiton magdalenensis (201624) Ischnochiton sp. (240573 240574)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Mexico (Baja California) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Tonicella lineata (96593) Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Stenoplax acrior (96592) Cryptochiton stelleri (96594) Lepidozona pectinulatus, Nuttallina californica, Tonicella lineata, Stenoplax acrior, Stenoplax conspicuus (96590)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.58 - 0.0USA (California) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Ischnochiton conspicuus, Ischnochiton sanctaemonicae, Ischnochiton pectinulatus, Acanthochitona avicula, Ischnochiton acrior, Callistochiton palmulatus (138821) Ischnochiton conspicuus, Ischnochiton pectinulatus (138721)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.58 - 0.0Chile (Huasco) Chiton sp. (223690)
Quaternary2.58 - 0.0USA (California) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cryptochiton stelleri (37939) Cryptochiton stelleri (37943 37946) Cryptochiton stelleri, Tonicella lineata (37937) Lepidozona sp., Lepidozona californiensis, Stenoplax sp., Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cryptochiton stelleri, Tonicella lineata, Stenoplax conspicuus, Cyanoplax dentiens (37933) Stenoplax conspicuus (37940) Stenoplax sp., Tonicella lineata (37947)
Castlecliffian1.63 - 0.34New Zealand Cryptoconchus mucronatus (178191)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (Florida) Ischnochiton sp., Acanthochitona pygmaea (61310)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (California) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cryptochiton stelleri, Nuttallina californica, Lepidochitona dentiens, Ischnochiton fallax, Ischnochiton regularis, Ischnochiton cooperi, Callistochiton palmulatus (138723) Callistochiton palmulatus (203114) Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Stenoplax magdalenensis, Lepidochitona keepiana, Callistochiton decoratus (202492) Cryptochiton stelleri (222663 222665) Ischnochiton trifidus (200409 223325) Nuttallina sp., Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Stenoplax magdalenensis, Callistochiton decoratus (202494) Nuttallina sp., Stenoplax magdalenensis, Lepidochitona keepiana (202493)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Mexico (Baja California) Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Lepidozona pectinulatus (96591)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Mexico Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cryptochiton stelleri, Tonicella lineata, Callistochiton decoratus, Stenoplax heathiana, Lepidozona cooperi (52347) Cryptochiton stelleri (67613 67641)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Amicula stelleri (240651 240655) Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cryptochiton stelleri, Tonicella lineata, Cyanoplax hartwegii, Cyanoplax fackenthallae, Ischnochiton magdalenensis, Ischnochiton cooperi, Callistochiton decoratus, Callistochiton decoratus (207041) Callistochiton palmulatus, Ischnochiton acrior, Cyanoplax hartwegii, Ischnochiton magdalenensis (219030) Callistochiton palmulatus, Ischnochiton acrior, Ischnochiton conspicuus, Ischnochiton sanctaemonicae, Ischnochiton pectinulatus (96566) Callistochiton palmulatus, Ischnochiton acrior, Ischnochiton magdalenensis (219029) Chiton sp. (240593 240600) Ischnochiton cooperi (222968) Ischnochiton regularis (222660 222674) Ischnochiton sanctaemonicae (59063) Ischnochiton sp. (240595) Lepidochitona keepiana (96589) Lepidozona brunnea, Callistochiton palmulatus, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Ischnochiton acrior, Ischnochiton conspicuus, Lepidochitona keepiana, Cyanoplax hartwegii, Acanthochitona avicula, Ischnochiton magdalenensis (160361) Stenoplax heathiana (202491) Stenoplax sp., Stenoplax heathiana (202490) Tonicella lineata, Ischnochiton magdalenensis, Ischnochiton cooperi (222973) Tonicella lineata, Ischnochiton magdalenensis, Ischnochiton cooperi, Nuttallina fluxa (202936) Tonicella sp., Amicula stelleri (240650)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117Chile (Tarapaca) Chiton sp., Enoplochiton niger (96672)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Saudi Arabia Chiton sp. (201413)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Alaska) Tonicella marmorea (37632)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117Mexico (Baja California) Callistochiton palmulatus, Nuttallina californica (194421) Lepidozona sp., Callistochiton palmulatus, Nuttallina californica (89573)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Tuvalu Lucilina sp. (78035)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Australia (Western Australia) Acanthopleura gemmata (191983)