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Merychippus calamarius
Taxonomy
Hippotherium calamarium was named by Cope (1875). Its type specimen is USNM 2572, a partial skull (This three-toed horse is indicated by the oral and palatine parts of the skull with the superior dental series of both sides, together with one mandibular ramus), and it is a 3D body fossil.
It was recombined as Hipparion calamarius by Roger (1896), Trouessart (1898) and Matthew (1899); it was recombined as Hipparion calamarium by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Neohipparion calamarius by Matthew (1904) and Trouessart (1905); it was recombined as Merychippus (Merychippus) calamarius by Stirton (1940); it was recombined as Stylonus calamarius by Kelly and Lander (1988); it was recombined as Merychippus calamarius by Gidley (1907), Osborn (1918), Merriam (1919), Hay (1930), Kelly (1995) and MacFadden (1998).
It was recombined as Hipparion calamarius by Roger (1896), Trouessart (1898) and Matthew (1899); it was recombined as Hipparion calamarium by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Neohipparion calamarius by Matthew (1904) and Trouessart (1905); it was recombined as Merychippus (Merychippus) calamarius by Stirton (1940); it was recombined as Stylonus calamarius by Kelly and Lander (1988); it was recombined as Merychippus calamarius by Gidley (1907), Osborn (1918), Merriam (1919), Hay (1930), Kelly (1995) and MacFadden (1998).
Subspecies
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1875 | Hippotherium calamarium Cope p. 2–3 |
| 1889 | Hippotherium calamarium Cope p. 451 |
| 1896 | Hipparion calamarius Roger |
| 1898 | Hipparion calamarius Trouessart |
| 1899 | Hipparion calamarius Matthew |
| 1902 | Hipparion calamarium Hay p. 619 |
| 1904 | Neohipparion calamarius Matthew |
| 1905 | Neohipparion calamarius Trouessart |
| 1907 | Merychippus calamarius Gidley |
| 1918 | Merychippus calamarius Osborn p. 123 figs. Plates 11.4, 17.8, 18.2,6. Text Fig. 98 |
| 1919 | Merychippus calamarius Merriam |
| 1930 | Merychippus calamarius Hay |
| 1940 | Merychippus (Merychippus) calamarius Stirton p. 181 |
| 1988 | Stylonus calamarius Kelly and Lander |
| 1995 | Merychippus calamarius Kelly |
| 1998 | Merychippus calamarius MacFadden p. 547 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Merychippus calamarius Cope 1875
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†Merychippus calamarius stylodontus Merriam 1919
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Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| H. F. Osborn 1918 | (Cope, 1875) (1) "The typical specimen belongs to an adult animal, and was taken from the matrix
by myself, without admixture of others." (2) Protocone column large, its centre anterior to the middle transverse line of the crown, an angular projection toward the protoconule, actually connecting with the protoconule in m2; (3) dentinal band connecting the inner crescents [pl ml], giving off two or rarely one fold [double pli caballin] in the crochet region; (4) borders of fossettes much plicate, anterior border of protoconule giving off from four to six folds; (4) posterior border of postfossette exhibits one deep fold, which is generally bifurcated [hypostyle region]; (5) p1 small, two-rooted; (6) no basal cingulum on either jaw; (7) molar, ms, smaller than the three preceding it. (Matthew, 1913) (8) Grinding teeth extremely long-crowned; (9) protocone separate to about one-third from base, suboval on premolars, more flattened on molars; (10) plications of enamel lake borders disappearing in well (two-thirds or more) worn teeth; (11) pli caballin fold double, disappearing about one-fourth from base; (12) metastylid not separate on P2· (13) Lachrymal fossa apparently large; (14) malar fossa variable, not very deep. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, MacFadden 1998, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991 | |||||
Age range: base of the Barstovian to the top of the Clarendonian or 16.30000 to 9.40000 Ma
Collections (3 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barstovian | USA (New Mexico) | Merychippus calamarius (19535) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nevada) | Merychippus calamarius (19097) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Merychippus calamarius (18314) |