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Taxonomy
Cunearca was named by Dall (1898) [Sepkoski's age data: T Eo-m R Sepkoski's reference number: 1112]. It is extant.
It was reranked as Scapharca (Cunearca) by Maury (1917), Moore (1983); it was reranked as Arca (Cunearca) by Pilsbry and Olsson (1941); it was reranked as Anadara (Cunearca) by Reinhart (1943), DuBar (1958), Jung (1965), da Silva Forti (1969), Perrilliat (1992), Todd (2001), Rosenberg et al. (2006); it was reranked as Diluvarca (Cunearca) by Gardner (1947).
It was assigned to Arca by Pilsbry and Olsson (1941); to Diluvarca by Gardner (1947); to Scapharca by Maury (1917), Moore (1983); to Anadarinae by Vokes (1980), Ward (1992); to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); to Anadara by Reinhart (1943), DuBar (1958), Jung (1965), da Silva Forti (1969), Perrilliat (1992), Todd (2001), Rosenberg et al. (2006); and to Cunearcidae by Bouchet et al. (2010).
It was reranked as Scapharca (Cunearca) by Maury (1917), Moore (1983); it was reranked as Arca (Cunearca) by Pilsbry and Olsson (1941); it was reranked as Anadara (Cunearca) by Reinhart (1943), DuBar (1958), Jung (1965), da Silva Forti (1969), Perrilliat (1992), Todd (2001), Rosenberg et al. (2006); it was reranked as Diluvarca (Cunearca) by Gardner (1947).
It was assigned to Arca by Pilsbry and Olsson (1941); to Diluvarca by Gardner (1947); to Scapharca by Maury (1917), Moore (1983); to Anadarinae by Vokes (1980), Ward (1992); to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); to Anadara by Reinhart (1943), DuBar (1958), Jung (1965), da Silva Forti (1969), Perrilliat (1992), Todd (2001), Rosenberg et al. (2006); and to Cunearcidae by Bouchet et al. (2010).
Subtaxa
Anadara (Cunearca) berjadinensis, Anadara (Cunearca) bifrons (syn. Arca corculum, Arca cordata, Arca cardiiformis), Anadara (Cunearca) boggsi, Anadara (Cunearca) brasiliana, Anadara (Cunearca) buenavista, Anadara (Cunearca) cacica, Anadara (Cunearca) caimitaca, Anadara (Cunearca) chemnitzioides, Anadara (Cunearca) corcupidonis, Anadara (Cunearca) ferruginea, Anadara (Cunearca) hindsi, Anadara (Cunearca) hispaniolana, Anadara (Cunearca) inutilis, Anadara (Cunearca) lloydi, Anadara (Cunearca) melita, Anadara (Cunearca) pittieri, Anadara (Cunearca) rhombea, Anadara (Cunearca) riocanensis, Anadara (Cunearca) telemba, Anadara (Cunearca) zorritensis (syn. Anadara (Cunearca) vueltana), Anadara (Cunearca) zorritoensis, Arca (Cunearca) cacica, Arca (Cunearca) cumanensis, Arca (Cunearca) esmeralda, Cunearca lesueuri, Cunearca scalarina, Cunearca scalaris, Cunearca silverdalensis, Diluvarca (Cunearca) cardioides, Imparilarca hubbardi, Scapharca (Cunearca) crandalli, Scapharca (Cunearca) cumanensis, Scapharca (Cunearca) hamelini (syn. Arca sespeensis), Scapharca (Cunearca) melloi, Scapharca (Cunearca) rhombea, Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (syn. Arca galei), Scapharca (Cunearca) santaclarana, Scapharca (Cunearca) vanderhoofi
Species lacking formal opinion data
Anadara burnesi, Anadara chavezi, Anadara chilensis, Anadara clathrata, Anadara dameyi, Anadara delandensis, Anadara guajirensis, Anadara hypomela, Anadara improcera, Anadara kogachiensis, Anadara larkini, Anadara microtera, Anadara natalensis, Anadara philippiana, Anadara rectangularis, Anadara setoensis, Anadara suzukii, Anadara tarponensis, Anadara tectumcolumbae, Anadara turoniensis, Anadara veatchi, Anadara watanabei, Arca montensis
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1898 | Cunearca Dall |
| 1917 | Scapharca (Cunearca) Maury p. 343 |
| 1929 | Imparilarca Iredale |
| 1941 | Arca (Cunearca) Pilsbry and Olsson p. 9 |
| 1943 | Anadara (Cunearca) Reinhart p. 66 |
| 1947 | Diluvarca (Cunearca) Gardner p. 34 |
| 1958 | Anadara (Cunearca) DuBar p. 157 |
| 1965 | Anadara (Cunearca) Jung p. 423 |
| 1969 | Anadara (Cunearca) da Silva Forti p. 68 |
| 1980 | Cunearca Vokes p. 14 |
| 1980 | Imparilarca Vokes p. 14 |
| 1983 | Scapharca (Cunearca) Moore p. A44 figs. Plate 9, figure 7, 15 |
| 1992 | Anadara (Cunearca) Perrilliat p. 6 |
| 1992 | Cunearca Ward p. 53 |
| 1996 | Imparilarca Jensen p. 37 |
| 2001 | Anadara (Cunearca) Todd |
| 2002 | Cunearca Sepkoski |
| 2006 | Anadara (Cunearca) Rosenberg et al. |
| 2010 | Cunearca Bouchet et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subg. Anadara (Cunearca) Dall 1898
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†Anadara (Cunearca) berjadinensis Hodson et al. 1927
Anadara (Cunearca) bifrons Carpenter 1857
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Invalid names: Arca cardiiformis Sowerby 1833 [replaced], Arca corculum Mörch 1861 [synonym], Arca cordata Deshayes 1857 [replaced]
†Anadara (Cunearca) boggsi Olsson 1964
Anadara (Cunearca) brasiliana Lamarck 1819
†Anadara (Cunearca) buenavista Hodson et al. 1927
†Anadara (Cunearca) cacica Olsson 1922
†Anadara (Cunearca) caimitaca Maury 1917
†Anadara (Cunearca) chemnitzioides Maury 1912
†Anadara (Cunearca) corcupidonis Maury 1917
Anadara (Cunearca) ferruginea Reeve 1844 [rusty ark]
†Anadara (Cunearca) hindsi Olsson 1922
†Anadara (Cunearca) hispaniolana Maury 1917
†Anadara (Cunearca) inutilis Jung 1965
†Anadara (Cunearca) lloydi Olsson 1922
†Anadara (Cunearca) melita Olsson 1964
†Anadara (Cunearca) pittieri Dall 1912
Anadara (Cunearca) rhombea Born 1780
†Anadara (Cunearca) riocanensis Maury 1917
†Anadara (Cunearca) telemba Olsson 1964
†Anadara (Cunearca) zorritensis Spieker 1922
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†Arca (Scapharca) vueltana falconensis Hodson et al. 1927
Invalid names: Anadara (Cunearca) vueltana Hodson et al. 1927 [synonym]
†Anadara (Cunearca) zorritoensis Spieker 1922
†Arca (Cunearca) cacica Olsson 1922
†Arca (Cunearca) cumanensis Dall 1898
†Arca (Cunearca) esmeralda Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Cunearca lesueuri Dall 1848
†Cunearca scalarina Heilprin 1887
†Cunearca scalaris Conrad 1844
†Cunearca silverdalensis Kellum 1926
†Diluvarca (Cunearca) cardioides Gardner 1947
†Scapharca (Cunearca) crandalli Maury 1924
†Scapharca (Cunearca) cumanensis Dall 1898
†Scapharca (Cunearca) melloi Maury 1924
Scapharca (Cunearca) rhombea Born 1778
†Scapharca (Cunearca) santaclarana Loel and Corey 1932
†Scapharca (Cunearca) vanderhoofi Durham 1950
Invalid names: Imparilarca Iredale 1929 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, f = family | |||||
| References: Sanchez Roig 1926, Mikkelsen and Bieler 2008 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Valanginian to the top of the Holocene or 137.05000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 132.6 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 132.6 Ma
Collections (355 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Valanginian | France | Arca ferruginea (2223) | |
| Rupelian | USA (Mississippi) | Scapharca lesueuri (5999 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006 6008 7110 7111 7112 66307 66308 66309 66310 66311 66312 66313 66314 66315 66316 66317 66318 66319 66320 66321 66322 66323 66324 66325 66326 66327 66328 66329 66330 66331 66332 66333 66334 66335 66336) | |
| Oligocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Arca berjadinensis (61159) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene - Middle Miocene | Haiti | Scapharca corcupidonis (173458) Scapharca hispaniolana (173459) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | USA (North Carolina) | Anadara silverdalensis (71651) Cunearca silverdalensis (71649 71652) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Trinidad and Tobago | Arca chemnitzioides (80169) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil (Para) | Anadara brasiliana, Scapharca melloi (112590) Scapharca crandalli, Scapharca melloi (60979) Scapharca melloi (60980 60984 112582) Scapharca paraensis, Anadara brasiliana, Scapharca melloi, Scapharca crandalli (65162) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Peru | Arca thalia (66141) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (California) | Arca hamelini, Arca sespeensis (238163) Arca santaclarana (91374 237915 237917 238143 238170 238172 238175) Arca sespeensis (237910 238140 238190) Arca sespeensis, Arca hamelini (220067) Arca sespeensis, Arca santaclarana (238142) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (North Carolina) | Arca silverdalensis (41987) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil (Maranhao) | Anadara brasiliana (112596) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil (Piaui) | Anadara brasiliana (112601) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Peru (Tumbes) | Arca hispaniolana (59001) Arca sp. (59000) Arca zorritoensis (59002) | |
| Miocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Arca berjadinensis (60671 135496 135497) | |
| Burdigalian | Venezuela (Falcon) | Anadara inutilis (60703 60707) Anadara inutilis, Anadara zorritoensis (60144) | |
| Burdigalian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Anadara guajiraensis (136881 136882 136883 136886 136908 156356 156369 156370 156621 156624 156700 156706 156723 156748 156751 156752 156753 156754 156791 156793 156796 156797 157336 157342 157343 157344 157977 157978 160776 160798 160799 160800 160816 161091 161093 161094 161891 161892 161893 161894 162007 162008 162010) Anadara guajiraensis, Anadara inutilis (156832 158101 158102) Anadara inutilis (156328 156334) Anadara sp. (156495) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Florida) | Diluvarca cardioides (42482 42605 42642 42663 42678) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | Dominican Republic | Anadara sp. (74963) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Anadara guajiraensis (156798 157919 157931) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | Colombia | Arca auriculata (97678) | |
| Langhian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Anadara guajiraensis (136885 156362 156365 156491 156518 156522 156523 156546 156547 156551 156611 156679 156680 156681 156682 156683 156689 157782 157846 157848 157857 157858 157859 158029 158100 159018 161052 161053 161054 161055 161056 161057 161061 161063 161087 161088 161089 161627 161628 161887 161890) Anadara guajiraensis, Anadara inutilis (156488 156524 158033 158040 158041) Anadara inutilis (136880 136884 136907 136909 157830 160796 160968 160969 160970) | |
| Langhian | USA (California) | Anadara rivulata (37530) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Brazil (Para) | Anadara brasiliana, Scapharca melloi (58454) | |
| Middle Miocene | Ecuador (Esmeraldas) | Anadara melita (60751) | |
| Middle Miocene | Peru | Arca sp. (66179) | |
| Middle Miocene | Mexico (Michoacan) | Anadara inutilis (66162 66163 66164 76566 76567) Cunearca telemba (66165) | |
| Middle Miocene | Colombia (Atlantico) | Scapharca pittieri (60689) | |
| Middle Miocene | USA (California) | Arca rivulata (220066) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | Venezuela (Falcon) | Arca buenavistana (135498 135501) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Darien) | Anadara chavezi (131199) | |
| Tortonian | Dominican Republic | Anadara sp. (74912 74935) Scapharca corcupidonis (58816 58817) | |
| Tortonian | Panama | Anadara berjadinensis (93147 93148) Anadara eumeces (93145) Anadara sp. (145524) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Colon) | Anadara chavezi (142923 142927 142935 142936 142941 142946 142951) Anadara sp. (79783 79791 79996) | |
| Tortonian | Venezuela (Falcon) | Arca berjadinensis (61025 61043 135504) | |
| Tortonian | Venezuela | Anadara hindsi, Anadara lloydi (130981) Arca berjadinensis, Arca buenavistana (131304) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Dominican Republic | Scapharca riocanensis (58867 58875) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Ecuador (Esmeraldas) | Anadara hindsi, Anadara boggsi (60640) Anadara telemba (60662) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Arca berjadinensis (60801 61022 61040) Arca berjadinensis, Arca vueltana (135500) Arca vueltana (61032) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Venezuela | Anadara inutilis, Anadara brasiliana, Anadara zorritoensis (92751) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Indonesia (Borneo) | Anadara ferruginea (42311) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Colombia (Bolívar) | Arca pittieri (88308) Arca pittieri, Arca hispaniolana (88316) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Pakistan | Arca rhombea (77133) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Trinidad and Tobago | Anadara filicata (60401 60402) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Colombia | Anadara hindsi (131220) Arca lloydi (88297) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | USA (California) | Arca galei (220068) | |
| Messinian | Panama (Colon) | Anadara sp. (79855) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Dominican Republic | Anadara sp. (75038) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Trinidad and Tobago | Anadara brasiliana (60414 60415) Anadara filicata (60409 60410 60644 60647 60649 60650 60653 60654 60655 60659) Anadara filicata, Anadara brasiliana (60646) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Venezuela (Sucre) | Anadara cumanensis (41541 41543 41545 41551 41552 41554 41573) Anadara sp. (41555) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Costa Rica | Arca hindsi (134655) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Colombia (Bolívar) | Arca hispaniolana (88307) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Colombia (Atlántico) | Arca cacica (88304) Arca lloydi, Arca hispaniolana (88309) Arca pittieri (88314) | |
| Pliocene | Indonesia (Borneo) | Arca rhombea (41612) | |
| Pliocene | Indonesia | Scapharca rhombea (70088) | |
| Pliocene | Ecuador | Arca zorritoensis (97638) | |
| Pliocene | Costa Rica | Arca cacica (134680) Arca lloydi (134657) Arca pittieri, Arca hindsi (134660 134678) Arca pittieri, Arca lloydi (134666) | |
| Pliocene | Ecuador (Manabi) | Arca zorritoensis, Arca aequitorialis (51886) | |
| Pliocene | USA (Florida) | Cunearca scalaris (75009) Cunearca sp. (75012) | |
| Pliocene | India | Anadara ferruginea (77658) | |
| Pliocene | Pakistan | Anadara ferruginea (55398 55399 55400) | |
| Pliocene | Colombia | Anadara hindsi (93725) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Anadara scalarina (41749) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Costa Rica | Arca esmeralda (66794) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Colombia (La Guajira) | Anadara sp. (136994 159142) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (North Carolina) | Anadara scalaris (59307) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Philippines (Panay) | Anadara ferruginea (41650 41664) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Costa Rica (Limon) | Anadara sp. (79992 79993) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (Florida) | Anadara scalaris (79797) Arca scalaris (59484 67072 67074 67075 67077) | |
| Piacenzian | Panama (Bocas del Toro) | Anadara sp. (61344) | |
| Piacenzian | Costa Rica | Anadara lloydi (132644) Arca lloydi, Arca hindsi (134652) Arca pittieri (134664) | |
| Piacenzian | Panama (Bocas) | Anadara sp. (61343) | |
| Piacenzian | Costa Rica (Limon) | Anadara sp. (79796 79800 79803 79990) | |
| Piacenzian - Gelasian | Ecuador (Manabi) | Arca esmeralda (51878) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Panama | Scapharca pittieri (80304) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Anadara megerata (79331) Anadara scalarina (41718 79335 79336) Cunearca megerata (80025) Cunearca scalaris (75008) Cunearca sp. (75004) | |
| Pleistocene | Colombia | Arca brasiliana (97679) | |
| Pleistocene | Pakistan | Anadara ferruginea (55401) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (North Carolina) | Anadara scalaris (59313) | |
| Pleistocene | Philippines (Panay) | Anadara ferruginea (41651) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | Anadara brasiliana (175628) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Anadara brasiliana (66755 66757 66758 66760) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Djibouti | Arca rhombea (96785 96792) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (North Carolina) | Anadara brasiliana (66744 66751 66754 66763) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Scapharca incongrus (34269) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Anadara brasiliana (66724 66725) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Anadara brasiliana (20604 20606) | |
| Holocene | Brazil | Anadara brasiliana (72118 72121 72122 72123) | |
| Holocene | USA (Louisiana) | Anadara brasiliana (41935 92776) | |
| Holocene | Thailand | Anadara ferruginea (67930) |