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Sphyrna zygaena (smooth hammerhead)
Taxonomy
Squalus zygaena was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. Its type specimen is 1.
It was recombined as Cestracion zygaena by Arambourg (1927); it was recombined as Sphyrna zygaena by Hay (1902), Uyeno and Matsushima (1974), Antunes (1978), Antunes et al. (1981), Case (1981), Li (1997), Purdy et al. (2001), Kocsis (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Ralte et al. (2011), Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2015), Landini et al. (2017), Kocsis et al. (2019), Landini et al. (2019), Maisch IV et al. (2025).
It was recombined as Cestracion zygaena by Arambourg (1927); it was recombined as Sphyrna zygaena by Hay (1902), Uyeno and Matsushima (1974), Antunes (1978), Antunes et al. (1981), Case (1981), Li (1997), Purdy et al. (2001), Kocsis (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Ralte et al. (2011), Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2015), Landini et al. (2017), Kocsis et al. (2019), Landini et al. (2019), Maisch IV et al. (2025).
Sister species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Squalus zygaena Linnaeus |
| 1902 | Sphyrna zygaena Hay p. 314 |
| 1927 | Cestracion zygaena Arambourg p. 232 |
| 1974 | Sphyrna zygaena Uyeno and Matsushima p. 60 figs. Pl 23, figs 1,2 |
| 1978 | Sphyrna zygaena Antunes p. 72 figs. Pl 3, figs 89-94 |
| 1981 | Sphyrna zygaena Antunes et al. p. 19 figs. Pl 3, figs 6,10,16,21 |
| 1981 | Sphyrna zygaena Case p. 66 |
| 1997 | Sphyrna zygaena Li p. 121 figs. 6M-P |
| 2001 | Sphyrna zygaena Purdy et al. p. 159 |
| 2007 | Sphyrna zygaena Kocsis p. 38 |
| 2009 | Sphyrna zygaena Cicimurri and Knight p. 635 |
| 2011 | Sphyrna zygaena Ralte et al. p. 344 figs. Pl 3, fig 11 |
| 2015 | Sphyrna zygaena Carrillo-Briceño et al. p. 12 figs. 5S-V |
| 2017 | Sphyrna zygaena Landini et al. p. 180 figs. 4U-X |
| 2019 | Sphyrna zygaena Kocsis et al. p. 805 fig. 6O |
| 2019 | Sphyrna zygaena Landini et al. p. 361 |
| 2025 | Sphyrna zygaena Maisch IV et al. p. 35 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus 1758 [smooth hammerhead]
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Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Wagner 2023, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 48.07000 to 0.01170 Ma
Collections (49 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lutetian - Bartonian | China (Xinjiang) | Sphyrna zygaena (278018 278019) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | USA (Georgia) | Sphyrna zygaena (73434) | |
| Chattian | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyrna zygaena (97550) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna zygaena (71660) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | India (Mizoram) | Sphyrna zygaena (241735) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna zygaena (48887) | |
| Burdigalian | Peru | Sphyrna zygaena (167732) | |
| Burdigalian | Hungary | Sphyrna zygaena (210623) | |
| Burdigalian | Peru (Ica) | Sphyrna zygaena (100330) | |
| Burdigalian - Serravallian | Portugal | Sphyrna zygaena (277552 277553 277556) | |
| Langhian | France (Touraine) | Sphyrna zygaena (161611) | |
| Langhian | France (Loupian) | Sphyrna zygaena (161623) | |
| Langhian | Portugal (Penedo) | Sphyrna zygaena (161620) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Portugal | Cestracion zygaena (65912) | |
| Badenian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Sphyrna zygaena (161996) | |
| Serravallian | France (Gironde) | Sphyrna zygaena (161524 161525 161527) | |
| Serravallian | France | Sphyrna zygaena (85338) | |
| Tortonian | Peru | Sphyrna zygaena (277545) | |
| Tortonian | Panama | Sphyrna zygaena (24237) | |
| Tortonian | Venezuela | Sphyrna zygaena (200111 277942 277943) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Portugal | Sphyrna zygaena (56459) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Brunei Darussalam | Sphyrna zygaena (194518) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Peru (Piura) | Sphyrna zygaena (162465) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Panama (Panama) | Sphyrna zygaena (191987 191995 191996 191997 191998) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Costa Rica (Limon) | Sphyrna zygaena (162678) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | USA (Florida) | Sphyrna zygaena (276265) | |
| Messinian | Algeria | Cestracion zygaena (186631) | |
| Messinian | Angola | Sphyrna zygaena (154111) | |
| Messinian | Japan (Chiba) | Sphyrna zygaena (202927) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Mexico (Baja) | Sphyrna zygaena (154117) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Japan (Chiba) | Sphyrna zygaena (70006) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna zygaena (52582) | |
| Zanclean | South Africa | Sphyrna zygaena (100313) | |
| Zanclean | Libya | Sphyrna zygaena (136597) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Japan (Kanagawa) | Sphyrna zygaena (161454) | |
| Calabrian | Japan | Sphyrna zygaena (277590) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Sphyrna zygaena (59063 160361) |