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Turdus (true thrush)

Osteichthyes - Passeriformes - Turdidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1758Turdus Linnaeus
1854Cichlherminia Bonaparte
1859Mimocichla Sclater
1933Turdus Lambrecht p. 641
1940Turdus Wetmore p. 74
1956Turdus Wetmore p. 95
1962Turdus Wetmore p. 14
1982Turdus Parmalee and Klippel p. 366
1990Turdus Chandler p. 155
1992Turdus Parmalee p. 316
1997Turdus Worthy p. 108
2002Turdus Mlikovsky p. 241
2017Turdus Clements et al.
2017Turdus Meijer et al. p. 17

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
RankNameAuthor
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Saurischia()
—Theropoda()
—Neotheropoda
—AverostraPaul 2002
—Tetanurae
—Coelurosauria()
—Maniraptora
—Paraves
classAves
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
—Neognathae(Pycraft 1900)
orderPasseriformesLinnaeus 1758
familyTurdidaeRafinesque 1815
genusTurdus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Turdus Linnaeus 1758 [true thrush]
show all | hide all
†Turdus bresciensis Gibel 1847
Turdus falcklandii Quoy and Gaimard 1824 [austral thrush]
Turdus hortulorum Sclater 1863 [gray-backed thrush]
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus 1758 [redwing]
Turdus lherminieri Lafresnaye 1844 [forest thrush]
Turdus merula Linnaeus 1758 [common blackbird]
Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 [American robin]
Turdus obscurus Gmelin 1789 [eyebrowed thrush]
Turdus pallidus Gmelin 1789 [pale thrush]
Turdus philomelos Brehm 1831 [song thrush]
Turdus pilaris Linnaeus 1758 [fieldfare]
Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus 1758 [red-legged thrush]
Turdus plumbeus ardosiaceus Vieillot 1822 [eastern red-legged thrush]
Turdus poliocephalus Latham 1801 [island thrush]
Turdus torquatus Linnaeus 1758 [ring ouzel]
Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus 1758 [mistle thrush]
Invalid names: Cichlherminia Bonaparte 1854 [synonym], Mimocichla Sclater 1859 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yeso
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: terrestrialsubf
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: volantsubf
Diet: insectivoresubf
Diet 2: frugivoresubf
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2009-01-03 16:42:49
Modified: 2009-01-03 18:42:49
Source: subf = subfamily, o = order
References: Marsh 1875, Kiessling 2004, Naka 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Gelasian to the top of the Holocene or 2.58000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 1.8 Ma

Collections (112 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117France (Midi-Pyrenees) Turdus merula, Turdus viscivorus (35076)
Blancan4.7 - 1.4USA (California) Turdus sp. (177997)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8USA (Florida) Turdus sp. (20384)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774Spain (Burgos) Turdus sp. (241995)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774Croatia (Istria) Turdus sp. (40500)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774Spain (Mallorca) Turdus sp. (214536)
Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene2.58 - 0.129Italy Turdus viscivorus (194929)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117United Kingdom (England) Turdus merula, Turdus philomelos (125445) Turdus philomelos (125463)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117United Kingdom Turdus merula, Turdus torquatus (124960) Turdus torquatus, Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus (125438)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (California) Turdus migratorius (176098)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Greece (Chalkidiki) Turdus sp. (183123)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Spain (Castilla-Leon) Turdus merula, Turdus iliacus, Turdus philomelos (34870)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Spain (Palencia) Turdus sp. (205228 213667 221564 221566) Turdus viscivorus/pilaris, Turdus philomelus/iliacus/merula (221570)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Italy Turdus merula (197789 197790)
Irvingtonian1.4 - 0.21USA (Florida) Turdus sp. (20385)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129United Kingdom (Norfolk) Turdus merula (49816)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Italy Turdus sp. (197927) Turdus sp., Turdus pilaris (197786)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Italy (Siracusa) Turdus sp. 1, Turdus sp. 2 (175900)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117Monaco Turdus sp., Turdus merula, Turdus torquatus, Turdus iliacus (191730)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117Italy (Sardinia) Turdus sp. (51504)
Middle Pleistocene - Holocene0.774 - 0.0United Kingdom Turdus merula (197163)
Rancholabrean0.21 - 0.014USA (California) Turdus migratorius (152008)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Greece (Dodecanese) Turdus merula (182809)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Russian Federation Turdus sp., Turdus pilaris, Turdus iliacus, Turdus pallidus, Turdus hortulorum (194811)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Greece (Peloponnesus) Turdus philomelos (184245)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117France (Corse) Turdus merulaltorquatus, Turdus philomelos (215363)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Japan Turdus pallidus (193440 193441)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Wyoming) Turdus migratorius (93277)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117United Kingdom Turdus merula, Turdus pilaris, Turdus philomelos (124956) Turdus merula, Turdus pilaris, Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus (125437) Turdus philomelos (124961) Turdus pilaris (93837)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Romania Turdus merula, Turdus pilaris, Turdus viscivorus (197948) Turdus pilaris (197946)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Greece (Crete) Turdus sp. 1 (192960 192965) Turdus sp. 1, Turdus sp. 2 (192948 192949 192958) Turdus sp. 1, Turdus sp. 2, Turdus iliacus (92902 192955) Turdus sp. 1, Turdus sp. 2, Turdus sp. 3 (192957 192959) Turdus sp. 1, Turdus sp. 2, Turdus sp. 3, Turdus iliacus (192951)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Portugal Turdus sp., Turdus merula, Turdus pilaris, Turdus iliacus, Turdus philomelos (197768)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara) Turdus obscurus (193438)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Alabama) Turdus migratorius (84181)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Turdus migratorius (82258 103991)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Bahamas Mimocichla plumbea (194589)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Tonga Turdus poliocephalus (194699)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Turdus migratorius (123918 215552 218989)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117United Kingdom (Wales) Turdus merula (124954) Turdus torquatus (125452)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Spain Turdus sp. (194940 194942 194943) Turdus sp., Turdus iliacus (194941) Turdus sp., Turdus merula (194944) Turdus viscivorus (197938)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Japan (Okinawa) Turdus pallidus (192971)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117United Kingdom (England) Turdus merula, Turdus pilaris, Turdus iliacus, Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus (125321)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Italy Turdus sp. (197788) Turdus sp. 1, Turdus sp., Turdus viscivorus (197769) Turdus sp., Turdus viscivorus (197787)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Tennessee) Turdus migratorius (82890)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Italy (Sardinia) Turdus sp. (51552)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Bahamas (New Providence Island) Turdus plumbeus (144649 194588)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Tonga Turdus poliocephalus (194698 194717)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Romania Turdus pilaris (197949)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0USA (Arizona) Turdus migratorius (93374)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Dominican Republic Mimocichla plumbea (194485)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Spain Turdus sp. (194298 194939)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Puerto Rico Mimocichla ardosiacea (38848 192222 231345 241335)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0New Zealand (South Island) Turdus merula (215392) Turdus merula, Turdus philomelos (215380) Turdus philomelos (215388 215417 215613)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0United Kingdom (England) Turdus philomelos (125446)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Chile Turdus falcklandii (215543)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0France (Corse) Turdus merula, Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus (215376) Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus (215378)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Spain Turdus sp. (194379 194935 194936)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Dominican Republic Mimocichla plumbea (194484)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Montserrat Cichlherminia lherminieri (194568 194570)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Russian Federation Turdus sp., Turdus pilaris, Turdus iliacus, Turdus pallidus, Turdus hortulorum (194810)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Jamaica Turdus aurantius, Turdus jamaicensis (215359)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0New Zealand Turdus philomelos (100554)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Turdus falcklandii (194620)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Tonga Turdus poliocephalus (194700)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0United Kingdom (Wales) Turdus pilaris, Turdus iliacus, Turdus philomelos, Turdus viscivorus (125439)