PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Leukoma

Bivalvia - Cardiida - Veneridae

Taxonomy

Leukoma was named by Römer (1857). It is extant.

It was reranked as Protothaca (Leukoma) by Todd (2001).

It was assigned to Protothaca by Todd (2001); and to Venerinae by Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).

Species

L. asperrima, L. beili, L. columbiensis, L. dolicha, L. ecuadoriana, L. grata, L. histrionica, L. laciniata, L. metodon (syn. Nioche (Nioche) mcgintyi, Nioche (Nioche) zorritensis), L. pertincta, L. staleyi, L. staminea (syn. Protothaca ruderata, Tapes diversum), L. thaca, Protothaca (Novathaca), Protothaca (Protothaca), Protothaca (Tropithaca) seymourensis

Synonyms

Nioche (Antinioche) was named by Olsson (1961). It is extant.

It was Protothaca (Antinioche) by Todd (2001); it was reranked as Antinioche by Sepkoski (2002); it was synonymized subjectively with Leukoma by Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).

It was assigned to Nioche by Woodring (1982); to Protothaca by Todd (2001); and to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002).
Notochione was named by Hertlein and Strong (1948) [Sepkoski's age data: T Ng R]. It is extant.

It was reranked as Protothaca (Notochione) by Todd (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Leukoma by Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).

It was assigned to Protothaca by Todd (2001); and to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002).
Protothaca was named by Dall (1902) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-m R Sepkoski's reference number: 1112]. It is extant.

It was reranked as Paphia (Protothaca) by Howe (1922), Oldroyd (1925); it was reranked as Venerupis (Protothaca) by Weaver (1942); it was synonymized subjectively with Leukoma by Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).

It was assigned to Paphia by Howe (1922), Oldroyd (1925); to Venerupis by Weaver (1942); to Venerinae by da Silva Forti (1969); to Veneridae by Todd (2001); to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Chioninae by Beu (2006).
Colonche was named by Olsson (1961). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Leukoma by Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).
Tropithaca was named by Olsson (1961).

It was reranked as Protothaca (Tropithaca) by Hertlein (1972), Todd (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Protothaca by Coan et al. (2000); it was synonymized subjectively with Leukoma by Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012).

It was assigned to Protothaca by Hertlein (1972), Todd (2001).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1857	Leukoma Römer
1902	Protothaca Dall p. 364
1922	Paphia (Protothaca) Howe p. 98
1925	Paphia (Protothaca) Oldroyd p. 6
1942	Venerupis (Protothaca) Weaver p. 170
1948	Notochione Hertlein and Strong
1961	Colonche Olsson
1961	Nioche (Antinioche) Olsson
1961	Tropithaca Olsson
1969	Protothaca da Silva Forti p. 86
1972	Protothaca (Tropithaca) Hertlein p. 35
1982	Nioche (Antinioche) Woodring p. 707
2001	Protothaca Todd
2001	Protothaca (Antinioche) Todd
2001	Protothaca (Leukoma) Todd
2001	Protothaca (Notochione) Todd
2001	Protothaca (Tropithaca) Todd
2002	Antinioche Sepkoski
2002	Notochione Sepkoski
2002	Protothaca Sepkoski
2006	Protothaca Beu p. 277
2012	Leukoma Coan and Valentich-Scott p. 771

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Heteroconchia	(Gray 1854)
—	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822

Rank	Name	Author
—	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Cardiiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Cardiida	Ferussac 1822
suborder	Cardiidina	Ferussac 1822
—	Veneroidei	(Gray 1854)
—	Veneroitei	Gray 1854
superfamily	Veneroidea	(Rafinesque 1815)
family	Veneridae	Rafinesque 1815
subfamily	Venerinae	Rafinesque 1815
genus	Leukoma	Römer 1857

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Leukoma Römer 1857

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Leukoma asperrima Sowerby 1835

Leukoma beili Olsson 1961

Leukoma columbiensis Sowerby 1835

†Leukoma dolicha Woodring 1982

Leukoma ecuadoriana Olsson 1961

Leukoma grata Say 1831

Leukoma histrionica Sowerby 1835

Leukoma laciniata Carpenter 1864

Leukoma metodon Pilsbry and Lowe 1932

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Invalid names: Nioche (Nioche) mcgintyi Olsson 1961 [synonym], Nioche (Nioche) zorritensis Olsson 1961 [synonym]

Leukoma pertincta Dall 1902

Leukoma staleyi Gabb 1866

Leukoma staminea Conrad 1837

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Invalid names: Protothaca ruderata Deshayes 1853 [synonym], Tapes diversum Sowerby II 1852 [synonym]

Leukoma thaca Molina 1782

Invalid names: Antinioche Olsson 1961 [synonym], Colonche Olsson 1961 [synonym], Notochione Hertlein and Strong 1948 [synonym], Protothaca Dall 1902 [synonym], Tropithaca Olsson 1961 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitef

Locomotion:

facultatively mobileg

Life habit:

infaunalg

Diet:

suspension feederg

Vision:

blindc

Created:

2009-09-04 16:39:18

Modified:

2009-09-04 18:39:18

Source: g = genus, f = family, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Miocene to the top of the Holocene or 23.04000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.98 Ma

Collections (186 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	USA (California)	Paphia staminea (206370)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	Japan	Protothaca iwakianus (52321) Protothaca tateiwai (52320 52322 52323)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	USA (California)	Protothaca sp. (195081)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Japan	L. itoigawae (176558)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Colombia (La Guajira)	Protothaca sp. (136885)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Japan	L. itoigawae (70295 70301 70302)
Langhian - Tortonian	15.98 - 7.246	Russian Federation	Protothaca staminea (50048)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	Japan	Protothaca tateiwai, Protothaca sp. (44962)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Panama	Nioche dolicha (93145 93146)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	USA (Alaska)	Protothaca staleyi (37402 37414) Protothaca staylei (37399)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Russian Federation	Protothaca staminea (49978)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Japan	Protothaca tateiwai (52105 52108 52109 52112 52113 52115 52116 52117 52124 52178 52186 52222 52237)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.63 - 5.333	Russian Federation	Protothaca staminea (49977)
Late/Upper Miocene - Late/Upper Pliocene	11.63 - 2.58	USA (California)	Protothaca sp. (238420)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	USA (California)	Protothaca laciniata (194891 195038) Protothaca sp. (194894 195034) Protothaca staminea (194888)
Messinian - Zanclean	7.246 - 3.6	USA (California)	Protothaca staleyi (39327 39333 39334 39335 39351 39353 39354)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	USA (California)	Paphia staminea (206365 206366 216913 220177 220190)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	USA (Oregon)	Paphia stayleyi (71148 71152)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	USA (California)	Protothaca staleyi (153705)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Russian Federation	Protothaca euglypta (70471) Protothaca staminea (49976)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Ecuador	Protothaca grata (96598) Protothaca seymourensis, Protothaca grata, Nioche zorritensis (96596)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Japan	Protothaca tateiwai (97111)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	USA (California)	Venerupis staminea (96885 96887)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.58	USA (California)	Protothaca staleyi (96571 96572 96574 96575) Protothaca staminea (238418 238435 238453 238455 238612) Venerupis staleyi (200412)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Chile	L. antiqua (142300)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	Peru	Protothaca asperrima (219107)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.58	USA (California)	Protothaca staminea (122752 186031)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene	3.6 - 0.774	USA (California)	Venerupis staminea (237590)
Gelasian	2.58 - 1.8	USA (California)	L. staleyi (214285 214287) Protothaca staleyi (189558 189561 189765 207642 207651 207654 207661 207663 207665 207666 207667 207668 207669 207671 207672 207673 207674 207675 207676 207677 207694 207701 207712 207713 207714 207718 207720 207723 207725 207728)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.774	USA (California)	Protothaca staminea (168757)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	Japan	Protothaca jedoensis (96970 97028)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	Chile (Copiapó)	Protothaca thaca (222837 222840 222876 222878 222879)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	USA (Oregon)	Paphia staminea (71142)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	Venezuela	Protothaca granulata (131267)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	USA (California)	Venerupis staminea (201624 237604)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	Mexico (Sonora)	Protothaca grata (96565)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	Mexico (Baja California)	Protothaca staminea (96590 96592 96593 96594)
Quaternary	2.58 - 0.0	Chile (Copiapó)	Protothaca thaca (223446)
Quaternary	2.58 - 0.0	USA (California)	Protothaca staminea (37933 37939 37940 37947 37948)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Peru (Ica)	Protothaca thaca (219105)
Middle Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.129	USA (California)	Paphia staminea (138723 222995 222998) Tapes staminea (222663 222664) Venerupis staminea (96884)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.0117	USA (California)	Protothaca staminea (223009) Tapes staminea (222646)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Mexico	Protothaca staminea (52347 67641 67642 67643 67644 226466 226467)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	Chile (Tarapaca)	Protothaca thaca (96672)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (California)	Paphia staminea (202936) Protothaca staminea (37672 37673 37674 96589 96900 96901 203417 219029) Protothaca staminea, Protothaca grata (160361) Protothaca staminea, Protothaca ruderata (96555) Tapes diversum (222650) Tapes staminea (222659 222662 222674) Tapes staminea, Tapes lacinatus (222660 222661) Venerupis staminea (59063 96895 226458)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Peru	Protothaca thaca (76647)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Canada (British Columbia)	Protothaca staminea (75232)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Mexico (Sonora)	Protothaca grata (44963 96559 96561 96562 96563)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Mexico (Baja California)	Protothaca staminea (96591)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Peru (Moquegua)	Protothaca thaca (43707 43708 43710 43716)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Washington)	Paphia staminea (71059) Protothaca staminea (37676)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Panama (Panama)	L. asperrima (160394 160395)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Peru	Protothaca asperrima (97641)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Japan (Akita)	Protothaca jedoensis (56380)