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Chondrostei
Taxonomy
Chondrostei was named by Müller (1844). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Chondrostei by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Chondrostei by Hay (1902), Heintz (1934), Jordan (1963); it was reranked as the subclass Chondrostei by Jaekel (1911), Nelson (2006), Long (2011), Fierstine et al. (2012), Betancur et al. (2013); it was reranked as the superorder Chondrostei by Dunkle (1946); it was reranked as the unranked clade Chondrostei by Grande et al. (2002), Grande and Hilton (2006), Carnevale and Godfrey (2018), van der Laan (2019).
It was assigned to Actinopterygii by Gadow (1898); to Actinopteri by Hay (1902); to Hypostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Ganoidei by Jordan (1963); to Actinopteri by Grande and Hilton (2006); to Actinopterygii by Heintz (1934), Dunkle (1946), Applegate (1970), Daly (1973), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Nelson (2006), Long (2011), Fierstine et al. (2012); to Actinopteri by Betancur et al. (2013); to Actinopteri by Grande et al. (2002), van der Laan (2019); and to Actinopterygii by Nelson et al. (2016), Carnevale and Godfrey (2018), Ebersole et al. (2019), Hilton and Grande (2022), Murray et al. (2023).
It was reranked as the suborder Chondrostei by Gadow (1898); it was reranked as the order Chondrostei by Hay (1902), Heintz (1934), Jordan (1963); it was reranked as the subclass Chondrostei by Jaekel (1911), Nelson (2006), Long (2011), Fierstine et al. (2012), Betancur et al. (2013); it was reranked as the superorder Chondrostei by Dunkle (1946); it was reranked as the unranked clade Chondrostei by Grande et al. (2002), Grande and Hilton (2006), Carnevale and Godfrey (2018), van der Laan (2019).
It was assigned to Actinopterygii by Gadow (1898); to Actinopteri by Hay (1902); to Hypostomata by Jaekel (1911); to Ganoidei by Jordan (1963); to Actinopteri by Grande and Hilton (2006); to Actinopterygii by Heintz (1934), Dunkle (1946), Applegate (1970), Daly (1973), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Nelson (2006), Long (2011), Fierstine et al. (2012); to Actinopteri by Betancur et al. (2013); to Actinopteri by Grande et al. (2002), van der Laan (2019); and to Actinopterygii by Nelson et al. (2016), Carnevale and Godfrey (2018), Ebersole et al. (2019), Hilton and Grande (2022), Murray et al. (2023).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1844 | Chondrostei Müller |
| 1898 | Chondrostei Gadow p. 8 |
| 1902 | Chondrostei Hay p. 365 |
| 1911 | Chondrostei Jaekel p. 49 |
| 1934 | Chondrostei Heintz p. S187 |
| 1946 | Chondrostei Dunkle p. 402 |
| 1963 | Chondrostei Jordan p. 611 |
| 1970 | Chondrostei Applegate p. 398 |
| 1973 | Chondrostei Daly p. 564 |
| 1981 | Chondrostei Thurmond and Jones p. 80 |
| 2002 | Chondrostei Grande et al. |
| 2006 | Chondrostei Grande and Hilton p. 5 |
| 2006 | Chondrostei Nelson |
| 2011 | Chondrostei Long p. 242 |
| 2012 | Chondrostei Fierstine et al. p. 11 |
| 2013 | Chondrostei Betancur et al. |
| 2016 | Chondrostei Nelson et al. p. 118 |
| 2018 | Chondrostei Carnevale and Godfrey p. 163 |
| 2019 | Chondrostei Ebersole et al. p. 150 |
| 2019 | Chondrostei van der Laan p. 52 |
| 2022 | Chondrostei Hilton and Grande |
| 2023 | Chondrostei Murray et al. p. 3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Infracl. Chondrostei Müller 1844
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Or. Acipenseriformes Berg 1940
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Fm. Acipenseridae Bonaparte 1831
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G. Acipenser Linnaeus 1758 [sturgeon]
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†Acipenser albertensis Lambe 1902
†Acipenser amnisinferos Hilton and Grande 2022
Acipenser brevirostrum Leseuer 1818 [shortnose sturgeon]
Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque 1817 [lake sturgeon]
†Acipenser gigantissimus Nessov 1997
Acipenser medirostris Ayres 1854
†Acipenser molassicus Probst 1882
†Acipenser ornatus Leidy 1873
†Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchell 1814
†Acipenser praeparatorum Hilton and Grande 2022
†Acipenser toliapicus Agassiz 1844
†Acipenser tuberculosus Probst 1882
Invalid names: Acipenses Linck 1790 [synonym]
Subfm. †Priscosturioninae Grande and Hilton 2009
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G. †Propenser Applegate 1970
Subfm. Scaphirhynchinae Bonaparte 1846
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Invalid names: Propenser hewletti Applegate 1970 [nomen dubium], Propenserinae Applegate 1970 [empty], Pseudoscaphirhynchinae [empty]
Subor. †Chondrosteoidei Grande and Bemis 1991
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Fm. †Chondrosteidae Egerton 1858
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G. †Chondrosteus Agassiz 1843
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†Chondrosteus acipenseroides Egerton 1858
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Invalid names: Chondrosteus crassior Egerton 1858 [synonym]
†Chondrosteus pachyurus Egerton 1858
G. †Gyrosteus Agassiz 1843
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G. †Strongylosteus Jaeckel 1931
Fm. †Errolichthyidae Lehman 1952
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Invalid names: Acipenseriodei Nelson 2016 [empty], Acipenseristomi Grande and Bemis 1996 [empty], Peipiaosteoidei Grande and Bemis 1996 [empty], Saurichthidae Mishra et al. 1990 [empty]
Invalid names: Asterodontidae [empty], Cheirolepiformes [empty], Chondrosteiformes [empty], Diphyodontidae [empty], Guidayichthyiformes Lund 2000 [empty], Polyodonti Jaekel 1911 [empty], Sturii Jaekel 1911 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wuchiapingian to the top of the Holocene or 259.51000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 251.902 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 251.902 Ma
Collections (185 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian | China (Gansu) | Eochondrosteus sinensis (232541) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Madagascar | Errolichthys mirabilis (130314 130331 130335) | |
| Dienerian | China (Guizhou) | Errolichthys sp. (225582 229434) | |
| Dienerian | Madagascar | Errolichthys mirabilis (153373) | |
| Aegean | France (Moselle) | Chondrostei indet. (206489 206490) | |
| Aegean | France (Bas-Rhin) | Chondrostei indet. (206491) | |
| Anisian | France (Grand Est) | Chondrostei indet. (206487) | |
| Ladinian - Carnian | Argentina (Mendoza) | Neochallaia tellecheai (117878) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | Argentina (Mendoza) | Neochallaia sp. (200130) | |
| Norian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Rushlandia gilli (221018 221021) | |
| Hettangian | USA (Virginia) | Catopteridae indet. (107637) | |
| Early/Lower Sinemurian | United Kingdom (England) | Chondrosteus sp., Chondrosteus pachyurus (122371) | |
| Sinemurian | United Kingdom (England) | Chondrosteus acipenseroides (122155) Chondrosteus acipenseroides, Chondrosteus crassior, Chondrosteus pachyurus (122154) Chondrosteus acipenseroides, Chondrosteus pachyurus (122153) | |
| Falciferum | Germany | Gyrosteus mirabilis (207641) | |
| Toarcian | United Kingdom (England) | Gyrosteus mirabilis (122167 122372 122373 122374 122375) | |
| Bathonian | Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk) | Acipenseriformes indet. (61891) | |
| Berriasian - Barremian | Russian Federation (Sakha) | Chondrostei indet. (32313) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | China (Nei Mongol) | Protopsephurus sp. (103654) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian | China (Liaoning) | Protopsephurus liui (101022 134420) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Polyodontidae indet., Hesperopsephurus kyatensis (58208) | |
| Cenomanian - Turonian | United Kingdom (England) | Pholidurus disjectus (238510) | |
| Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Acipenseriformes indet. (58179) Psephuroides kazakhorum (58168) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian | Lebanon | Chondrosteus sp. (170327) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Propenser hewletti (81932 81934) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Utah) | Acipenseriformes indet. (167916) | |
| Judithian | USA (Wyoming) | Polyodontidae indet. (14458) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Alaska) | Acipenseridae indet. (231244) Acipenseridae indet., Polyodontidae indet. (231243 240913) Polyodontidae indet., Osteichthyes indet. (14495) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Utah) | Acipenseriformes indet. (219712) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Jersey) | Acipenser sp. (14455) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Acipenser albertensis (22695 34311 34313 34315 34322 45238 45262 47814 47816) Acipenser sp. (36264) Acipenser sp., Polyodontidae indet. (98674) Acipenseridae indet. (227125) Boreiosturion labyrinthicus (231935) Polyodontidae indet. (34320 45260 47811) Polyodontidae indet., Acipenser albertensis (22696 22697 22698 34302 34303 34305 34307 34309 34310 34312 34319 34321 47807) Polyodontidae indet., Acipenser sp. (22640) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Acipenser eruciferus (36449) Acipenser eruciferus, Paleopsephurus wilsoni (36541) | |
| Middle Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Acipenser sp., Polyodontidae indet. (47809) Acipenseridae indet. (45560 45561 45564 45670 45820) Polyodontidae indet., Acipenser albertensis (47794) | |
| Middle Campanian | USA (Montana) | Acipenser sp. (14437) Psammorhynchus longipinnis (69281) | |
| Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Montana) | Acipenser sp. (14462 14490) | |
| Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Acipenser sp. (229975) Acipenseriformes indet. (14494) | |
| Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Polyodontidae indet. (167986) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Acipenser sp. (55363) Acipenseridae indet. (229870) Polyodontidae indet. (135741) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Romania (Hunedoara) | Acipenseriformes indet. (67811) | |
| Lancian | USA (South Dakota) | Acipenser sp. (14537) | |
| Lancian | USA (North Dakota) | Acipenser sp. (14610) | |
| Lancian | USA (Wyoming) | Acipenser eruciferus (14519 14538 14557 14566 14577) Acipenser sp. (14514) | |
| Lancian | USA (Montana) | Acipenser eruciferus (14582) Acipenser sp. (14508 14548 14549 14613) Acipenser sp., Acipenseridae indet. (14512) Acipenseridae indet. (14580) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (South Dakota) | Acipenser albertensis (224484) Acipenser sp. (45390) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Acipenser gigantissimus (142788) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Spain (Cataluña) | Chondrostei indet. (36725) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Acipenser eruciferus, Paleopsephurus wilsoni (14585) Acipenser sp. (45843) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Polyodontidae indet. (123815 179248) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Montana) | Acipenser eruciferus, Paleopsephurus wilsoni (13142) Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus, Paleopsephurus wilsoni (67129) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | Acipenser sp. (45099 45109 45111 45122 45133 45144 45145) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (Montana) | Acipenser sp. (85498 85499) Paleopsephurus wilsoni (142526) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | Acipenser amnisinferos, Acipenser praeparatorum (227364) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Early/Lower Paleocene | USA (New Jersey) | Acipenser albertensis (26819) | |
| Pu1 | USA (Montana) | Acipenseridae indet. (14762) | |
| Pu2 | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Acipenseridae indet. (14764) | |
| Puercan | USA (Montana) | Acipenser sp. (14766 123518) | |
| Danian | USA (Illinois) | Propenser hewletti (70129) | |
| Danian | USA (North Dakota) | Acipenser sp. (14962) | |
| Torrejonian | USA (Montana) | Acipenser sp., Paleopsephurus sp. (14874) | |
| Tiffanian | USA (North Dakota) | Acipenser sp. (14931) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Acipenserinae indet. (38950) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom | Acipenser sp., Acipenser toliapicus (215472) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Acipenser sp. (38868) Acipenser toliapicus (13299) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Virginia) | Acipenser sp. (15595) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Wyoming) | Acipenseridae indet. (46767) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | Acipenser toliapicus (41888 41989 41992 41998) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk) | Acipenser sp. (175920) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Acipenser sp. (18284) | |
| Barstovian | USA (California) | Acipenseridae indet. (160743) | |
| Langhian | USA (Virginia) | Acipenser ornatus (79793) | |
| Langhian | USA (Maryland) | Acipenser sp. (71795) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | USA (California) | Acipenseridae indet. (225315) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Acipenser ornatus (187324) Acipenser sp. (57700 71806) | |
| Pannonian | Hungary | Acipenseridae indet. (237418) | |
| Tortonian | Denmark (Jutland) | Acipenser sp. (34521) | |
| Tortonian | Belgium | Acipenser sp. (217346) | |
| Tortonian | USA (California) | Acipenseriformes indet. (52216) | |
| Tortonian | Panama | Acipenser sp. (24237) | |
| Tortonian | Moldova | Accipenseridae indet. (152254) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Ukraine | Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (187783) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Netherlands | Acipenser sturio (53889) | |
| Messinian | USA (California) | Acipenseridae indet. (52223 196919) | |
| Messinian - Early/Lower Pleistocene | Netherlands | Acipenser sturio (189573) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Moldova | Acipenser sp. (198590) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Acipenser oxyrhynchus (52582) | |
| Pliocene | Russian Federation (Rostovskaya Oblast') | Acipenser sp. (39409) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Netherlands | Acipenser sturio (189574) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Acipenser oxyrhinchus (188304) | |
| Irvingtonian - Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Acipenser sp. (67490) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | Acipenser medirostris (222408 222409) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Acipenser sp. (58421 77754) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (California) | Acipenser medirostris (155393) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Quebec) | Acipenser fulvescens (224189) Acipenser sp. (51005) | |
| Holocene | Russian Federation | Acipenser baerii (171637) |