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Cirsotrema

Gastropoda - Epitoniidae

Taxonomy
Cirsotrema was named by Mörch (1852) [Sepkoski's age data: T Eo-m-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 123,899]. It is extant. Its type is Scalaria varicosa.

It was reranked as Scalaria (Cirsotrema) by Tate (1890); it was reranked as Scala (Cirsostrema) by Dall (1907); it was reranked as Scala (Cirsotrema) by Vredenburg (1928); it was reranked as Epitonium (Cirsotrema) by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Stong (1951), Addicott (1970).

It was assigned to Scalaria by Tate (1890); to Scala by Dall (1907), Vredenburg (1928); to Epitonium by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Stong (1951), Addicott (1970); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Harris and Palmer (1947), Olsson (1967), Maxwell (1978), Squires (1984), Dushane (1988), Wilson (1993), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002), Duerr (2004), Darragh (2017), Schnetler et al. (2024).

Species
C. (Cirsotremopsis), C. (Coroniscala), C. (Plastiscala), C. (Propescala), C. (Rectacirsa), C. (Tioria), C. cirritum, C. crassicostatum, C. dalli (syn. C. (Cirsotremopsis) arcella), C. diversiformis, C. dubiosa, C. fimbriosa, C. funiculus, C. gagei, C. hauniensis, C. miovaricosum, C. pleiophylla, C. preyoungi, C. tenuisculptum, C. togatum, C. varicosa, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) howei, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pasoense, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoensis, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) saundersi, Scala (Cirsotrema) subtenuilamella
Species lacking formal opinion data
C. acutum, C. bouillei, C. bourdoty, C. bourdoty, C. brevicula, C. briarti, C. claibornense, C. claibornense, C. cochlea, C. cortezi, C. cossmanni, C. creolum, C. crispata, C. crispatum, C. ertborni, C. ertborni, C. fimbriosum, C. firmatum, C. jinnahi, C. koeneni, C. kuriensis, C. laubrierei, C. lineatum, C. lyratum, C. lyratum, C. nasssulum, C. newtonense, C. newtonensis, C. nielseni, C. nsssulum, C. pumiceum, C. ranellinum, C. ranellinum, C. rugulosa, C. sallomacense, C. sallomacense, C. scaberrimum, C. seguenzai, C. spillmani, C. spillmani, C. subspinosum, C. tamanense, C. turbonillaeforme, C. undulatum, C. youngi, C. zelebori, C. zitteli, Epitonium suboptima, Scala bourgeois, Scala peyroti, Scala subspinosa

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1852Cirsotrema Mörch
1890Scalaria (Cirsotrema) Tate
1907Scala (Cirsostrema) Dall p. 128
1928Scala (Cirsotrema) Vredenburg p. 402
1937Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Durham p. 490
1944Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Durham p. 158
1947Cirsotrema Harris and Palmer p. 237
1951Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Hertlein and Stong p. 89
1967Cirsotrema Olsson p. 40
1970Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Addicott p. 54
1978Cirsotrema Maxwell p. 36
1984Cirsotrema Squires p. 21
1988Cirsotrema Dushane p. 56
1993Cirsotrema Wilson p. 274
2001Cirsotrema Todd
2001Cirsotrema Wienrich p. 450
2002Cirsotrema Harzhauser p. 93
2002Cirsotrema Sepkoski
2004Cirsotrema Duerr p. 152
2017Cirsotrema Darragh p. 55
2024Cirsotrema Schnetler et al. p. 16

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
RankNameAuthor
phylumMollusca
classGastropoda
subclassCaenogastropoda(Cox 1959)
superfamilyEpitonioidea(Berry 1910)
familyEpitoniidaeBerry 1910
genusCirsotremaMörch 1852

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Cirsotrema Mörch 1852
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Subg. †Cirsotrema (Plastiscala) Iredale 1936
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Propescala) Cotton 1931
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Rectacirsa) Iredale 1936
Subg. Cirsotrema (Tioria) Marwick 1928
†Cirsotrema crassicostatum Deshayes 1839
Cirsotrema dalli Rehder 1945
+
Invalid names: Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) arcella Rehder 1945 [synonym]
†Cirsotrema dubiosa Eames 1952
†Cirsotrema fimbriosa Wood 1842
†Cirsotrema funiculus Wood 1872
†Cirsotrema gagei Maxwell 1978
†Cirsotrema hauniensis Schnetler 2001
†Cirsotrema preyoungi Iqbal 1980
†Cirsotrema tenuisculptum Whiteaves 1879
Cirsotrema togatum Hertlein and Strong 1951
Cirsotrema varicosa Lamarck 1822
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pasoense Anderson and Martin 1914
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoensis Anderson and Martin 1914
†Scala (Cirsotrema) subtenuilamella d'Archiac and Haime 1854
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
J. W. Durham 1937Shell thick and massive, sometimes very large; whorls convex, sutures deep; ornamented by thick axial varices, foliaceous or crenulated, more or less reflexed posteriorly, usually not continuous from whorl to whorl, but masking suture completely; primary spirals very coarse, often with finer spirals in interspaces; basal disk bounded by a very prominent posterior "enlargement" of the varices not continuous between any two varices; aperture almost circular; peristome thick and continuous although the inner lip may be somewhat thinner; ornamentation very variable. Living in Philippines and Oceanica.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitef
Composition 2: low Mg calcitef
Locomotion: slow-movingf
Life habit: low-level epifaunalf
Diet: carnivoref
Vision: limitedc
Created: 2007-02-05 23:13:43
Modified: 2011-09-22 17:20:39
Source: f = family, c = class
References: Kiessling 2004, Beu et al. 1990

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Danian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 66.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 61.66 Ma

Collections (192 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Danian66.0 - 61.66New Zealand (Southland) C. sp. (50217)
Danian66.0 - 61.66USA (Maryland) C. form A, C. from B (83135)
Danian66.0 - 61.66Belgium C. briarti (22931)
Danian66.0 - 61.66Denmark C. sp. (176994)
Selandian61.66 - 59.24Denmark C. hauniensis (35263)
Thanetian59.24 - 56.0USA (Virginia) C. sp. A (101319)
Waipawan56.0 - 52.0New Zealand (Chatham Islands) C. youngi (51050)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07United Kingdom (England) C. sp. (3268)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07Pakistan C. dubiosa (183855) C. jinnahi (145133)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (Texas) C. newtonense (205421 205527) C. nsssulum (205532) C. sp. (205440 205454 205478)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Mexico (Chiapas) C. sp. (79943)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03France C. laubrierei (171526) Scala coronalis (171532)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (South Carolina) C. spillmani (32901)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03United Kingdom (England) C. acutum, C. sp. (8124)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (California) C. sp. (8012)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03France (Centre) Scala bourgeois, Scala subspinosa, Scala peyroti (178085)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (Alabama) C. sp. A (81224)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Spain C. bouillei (142111)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Alabama) C. claibornense, C. sp., C. nassulum (205489) C. linteum (5311) C. linteum, C. claibornense, C. nassulum (90600) C. nassulum (81282 205438) C. ranellinum (98256) C. sp. (2416 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Texas) C. lineatum, C. nasssulum (205422) C. nasssulum (205480) C. nassulum (7438 205531) C. sp. (7437 205267 205271 205414 205433 205484 205485) C. sp., C. nassulum (205410) C. spp. (205430)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71France (Île-de-France) C. brevicula (179130)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71New Zealand C. kuriensis, C. sp. (64751) C. sp. (64748)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Pakistan C. diversiformis (183853)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Mississippi) C. danvillense (205498) C. linteum (99736) C. nassulum (99632 99638 99675 99734 164232 178662 232677) C. newtonense (90642 90709) C. newtonensis (99735) C. ranellinum (90472) C. sp. (2436 2438 100141) C. sp. B (90704) C. sp., C. nassulum (205508) C. spillmani (98501)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Louisiana) C. danvillense (91115) C. ranellinum, C. danvillense, C. nassulum (92374) C. sp. (44518 205501)
Bartonian - Priabonian41.03 - 33.9Australia (Western Australia) C. pleiophylla (179824)
Kaiatan39.1 - 36.7New Zealand C. sp. (4886 4887)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9Mexico (Nuevo Leon) C. cortezi (43053 43055)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9USA (Mississippi) Scalaria nassula (208935)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9New Zealand (Canterbury) C. zitteli (45041)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (Alabama) C. creolum (3547) C. creolum, C. ranellinum (3548) C. danvillense (3539) C. ranellinum (3549)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (Mississippi) C. danvillense (6802 99676) C. nassulum (99677)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (Louisiana) C. danvillense (98689 232637) C. nassulum (92300)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Australia (Western Australia) C. pleiophylla (205816)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Bulgaria C. bourdoty (103864)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Bulgaria (Khaskovo) C. bourdoty (170995)
Whaingaroan34.6 - 27.3New Zealand (South Island) C. gagei (205336)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3Argentina C. rugulosa (71402)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3New Zealand C. sp. (67925)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3New Zealand (Southland) C. lyratum (50155)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.04New Zealand C. lyrata (45026)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.04Argentina (Santa Curz) C. rugulosa (48067)
Duntroonian27.3 - 25.2New Zealand C. lyratum (67921 67923)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04USA (Washington) Epitonium saundersi (52356 52362 208161)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Denmark (Jylland) C. crispatum, C. nielseni (9170)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Denmark C. crispata, C. koeneni, C. insigne (234515)
Late/Upper Oligocene27.3 - 23.04New Zealand C. lyratum (67593 67854 67855 67864)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene27.3 - 15.98Argentina (Santa Cruz) C. rugulosa (48068)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45France C. subspinosum, C. crassicostatum (74861)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Pakistan C. preyoungi (77459)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) C. sallomacense, C. scaberrimum (62883) C. scaberrimum (62882)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98USA (California) Epitonium posoensis (237346)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Grenada C. tamanense (58730)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Argentina C. cossmanni (71541) C. rugulosa (71403 71404 71427 71428 71429 71430 71539 71540 71542 71543)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Austria C. crassicostatum (77627)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) C. crassicostatum (62936)
Otaian21.7 - 18.7New Zealand (Auckland) C. firmatum (84915)
Otaian - Altonian21.7 - 15.9New Zealand C. sp. (77489)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Florida) C. cirritum (42250)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Italy C. seguenzai (178108)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Venezuela (Falcon) C. undulatum (60144)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany C. miovaricosum (188985) C. sp. (111599)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Colombia (La Guajira) C. undulatum (157336)
Burdigalian - Langhian20.45 - 13.82Colombia C. undulatum (106365)
Altonian18.7 - 15.9New Zealand C. lyratum (67899 67911) C. lyratum, C. n. sp. (67897)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Colombia (La Guajira) C. undulatum (136885 157858)
Langhian - Serravallian15.98 - 11.63Netherlands C. ertborni (186884) C. ertborni, C. crassicostatum (186883)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) C. crassicostatum (61899 62886 62887) C. ertborni (61907 62888 62892 62893) C. ertborni, C. crassicostatum (61895 61896 61905) C. sallomacense (62880) C. sallomacense, C. crassicostatum (61901 61904) C. sp. 1, C. crassicostatum (61903) C. turbonillaeforme, C. ertborni, C. crassicostatum (61902)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Panama (Colon) C. arcella (145250) C. sp. (61334 79995)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Panama C. sp. (145523)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Denmark C. sp. (98312)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Australia (South Australia) C. sp. (63432)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333USA (California) Epitonium sp. (194891)
Messinian - Zanclean7.246 - 3.6Dominican Republic C. sp. (75038)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Ecuador (Manabi) C. togatum (60771)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Ecuador C. togatum (41757 131334)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Panama (Bocas) C. sp. (135839)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Spain (Huelva) C. pumiceum (71916)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6United Kingdom (England) Scalaria fimbriosa (84762 84795) Scalaria varicosa, Scalaria fimbriosa (84755)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Portugal C. cochlea (152330)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Venezuela C. dalli (131210)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58United Kingdom (England) Scalaria funiculus (84819)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Belgium C. fimbriosum (179048 179079)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8Italy C. pumiceum (178457 178779)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Costa Rica (Limon) C. sp. (79845)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129New Zealand (Wellington) C. zelebori (94818)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (Florida) C. dalli (67069)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Japan Epitonium suboptima (88886)