Level 456, Hole GH-9, Culebra Fm. (Miocene of Panama)

Where: Panama (9.0° N, 79.6° W: paleocoordinates 8.3° N, 77.4° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: Culebra Formation, Early/Lower Miocene (23.0 - 16.0 Ma)

• bed-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: estuary or bay; lignite

• Shale is lignitic.

Size class: microfossils

Preservation: original sporopollenin

Collection methods: core, chemical, mechanical,

Primary reference: A. Graham. 1988. Studies in Neotropical Paleobotany. V. The Lower Miocene Communities of Panama - The Culebra Formation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75:1440-1466 [E. Kowalski/E. Kowalski/E. Kowalski]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 32394: authorized by Elizabeth Kowalski, entered by Elizabeth Kowalski on 27.06.2003

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names
unclassified
  -
Plantae indet., cf. Antrophyum sp., "Fern" "trilete spore", "Fern" "monolete", Cryosophila sp., Synechanthus sp., cf. Doliocarpus sp., Tetrorchidium sp., Sabicea sp.
Plantae indet. Haeckel 1866
Angiospermae
 Poales - Poaceae
"Gramineae indet." = Poaceae
"Gramineae indet." = Poaceae Barnhart 1895 true grass
 Mesangiosperms - Arecaceae
Manicaria sp.
Manicaria sp. Gaertner 1791 palm
 Aquifoliales - Aquifoliaceae
Ilex sp.
Ilex sp. Linnaeus 1753 holly
Dicotyledoneae
 Myrtales - Combretaceae
Combretaceae indet.
Angiospermae
 Malpighiales - Euphorbiaceae
Sapium sp., Alchornea sp.
Sapium sp. Browne 1756 milktree
Alchornea sp. Swartz 1788 spurge
 Malpighiales - Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora sp.
Rhizophora sp. Linnaeus 1753 true mangrove
 Fabales - Fabaceae
Acacia sp.
Acacia sp. Miller 1758 wattle
 Oxalidales - Connaraceae
cf. Rourea sp.
cf. Rourea sp. Aublet 1775
 Sapindales - Sapindaceae
Cupania sp., Allophylus sp.
Cupania sp. Linnaeus 1753 soapberry
Allophylus sp. Linnaeus 1753 soapberry
 Malvales - Malvaceae
Malvaceae indet., cf. Guazuma sp.
Malvaceae indet. de Jussieu 1789 mallow
cf. Guazuma sp. Miller 1754 mallow
Polypodiopsida
 Cyatheales - Polypodiidae
Cyathea sp.
Cyathea sp. Smith 1793 scaly tree fern
 Schizaeales - Polypodiidae
Lygodium sp.
Lygodium sp. Swartz 1800 climbing fern
 Polypodiales - Polypodiidae
Pteris sp.
Pteris sp. Linnaeus 1753
Lycopodiopsida
 Selaginellales - Selaginellaceae
Selaginella sp.
Selaginella sp. Beauvois 1804 spikemoss
Chondrichthyes
 Symmoriiformes - Symmoriidae
Danaea sp.
Danaea sp. Pruvost 1922 elasmobranch