Actinopteri - Syngnathiformes - Syngnathidae
Parent taxon: Syngnathoidei according to R. Betancur et al. 2013
See also Bannikov 2014, Danil'chenko 1960, David 1943, Fierstine et al. 2012, Jordan 1963, Nelson et al. 2016, Pietsch 1978, Přikryl et al. 2016 and Zalohar et al. 2009
Sister taxa: Centriscoidea, Fistulariidae, Macroramphosa, Macrorhamphosa, Pegasoidea, Syngnatha, Syngnathoidea
Subtaxa: Acanthognathus Bryx Doryrhamphus Dunckerocampus Eogastrophinae Hippocampus Hipposyngnathinae Leptonotus Prosolenostomus Pshekhagnathinae Syngnathinae Syngnathus Syngnathus bolcensis Syngnathus heckeli
Ecology: nektonic omnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Italy (1 collection)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of Italy (1)
• Pliocene of Cyprus (1), Greece (3), Italy (6), United States (1: Florida)
• Miocene of Algeria (4), Austria (1), Azerbaijan (2), Cyprus (1), Czechia (1), Greece (5), Italy (10), Malta (1), the Russian Federation (1), Slovenia (1), United States (9: California)
• Oligocene to Miocene of the Russian Federation (2)
• Oligocene of Azerbaijan (1), Georgia (1), Germany (2), Poland (1), Romania (1), the Russian Federation (1)
• Eocene of Italy (1)
Total: 59 collections including 77 occurrences